The Butchers Shop and Eating Out Comparative Essay Essay Example for Free

The Butchers Shop and Eating Out Comparative Essay Essay The poems I am going to explore are ‘The Butchers Shop’ and ‘Eating out’. The two poems are loosely based around the idea of food. The Butchers shop focuses on the cruel process of killing animals to put food on our plates and Eating out looks at how the narrators’ relationship with food is affected when going out for a meal with family. In ‘The Butchers Shop’ it’s says â€Å"your cold and soggy paper parcel bleeds† The fact that the parcel is bleeding suggests that the narrator believes all meat eaters to be murderers. This is only further emphasised by use of â€Å"cold and soggy† like the cold, damp flesh of the animal who was brutally massacred just so you could have something to eat. In addition to murderous accusations, the use of direct speech â€Å"you† connects informally with the reader and makes it more personal as if by being familiar with the reader it will help them understand the narrators’ morbid views on food, specifically meat. This use of direct speech is also used in ‘Eating Out’. â€Å"I never accustomed myself to this humble I’ll have whatever your having, dear.† and just like ‘The Butchers Shop’ it’s used to show the attitude the narrator has toward food and dining and it’s also trying to get readers to empathise with their views by being familiar with them. Another similarity between the poems is in false representation of food. Whilst ‘The Butchers Shop’ false image of â€Å"playing farms† is quite transparent to anyone who has reached adulthood and can see past the cute illustrations to the gruesome blood stained butchers apron. However, in ‘Eating Out’ is a more elaborate charade of false representation. You don’t see the preparation of food in a restaurant only the artfully arranged end result which is bound to look extremely appetising. Except the pressure of controlling parents and expectations of perfect behaviour make the food â€Å"indigestible† and an outing not to look forward to. Overall, both poems have a negative attitude toward food which I believe stems from the theme of oppression. The butcher and the parents share the same role – as cruel, controlling keepers – both pigs and the narrator of ‘Eating Out’ suffered cruelty at the hands of their keepers which in turn, affected the relativity to food and what attitude is associated with it in each poem. For example, by describing how much the pigs suffered and the evil characteristics of the butcher (â€Å"smiles a meaty smile, white apron stained with who knows what†) it provokes emotion from the audience and persuades them into realising animal cruelty is wrong and therefore, whenever you buy meat you could have just killed a defenceless animal.

Orwells Newspeak And Influence On Modern Days

Orwells Newspeak And Influence On Modern Days After the experience of two World Wars and Cold War, George Orwell realized the danger of imperialism and of misled communism/socialism, and then he decided to warn the feasibility of totalitarianism. In addition, he observed the language manipulation from his contemporary period, and he dissolved the language corruption as a tool of totalitarian regime, used for thought control. Orwell changed the feature of Newspeak in real world especially during the wartimes because the setting of the novel is more extreme than the situation of present. As Orwells prediction on the emergence of totalitarianism and of Newspeak, there are lots of linguistic phenomena around us. The realization of Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four implies the continuous existence of language manipulation in the future in the evolved ways. Keywords: George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-Four Newspeak Introduction of George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair, whose pen name is George Orwell, was born in India. After graduation, he worked as the Indian Imperial Police in Burma for five years. Under the combination of the experience in Burma and the influence of his father, who served the British Empire as well, he had developed a strong hatred toward Imperialism. After the service as Imperial Police, he returned to England and experienced the life in slums. Based on his personal experience, he started to dislike all kinds of authorities. Then he joined the Spanish Civil War, and there he found the ugliness of authorities. The greatness of George Orwell is that he dissolves every idea and experience in his works: he expresses a satire on Russia under Stalin in one of his master piece, Animal Farm; he depicts the danger and the feasibility of totalitarian regime in another representative work, Nineteen Eighty-Four. For these reasons, George Orwell remains still around us as a great writer. Introduction of Nineteen Eighty-four The setting of this story is an imaginary world divided into three superpower countries: Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia. These three countries are always in the situation of the confrontation against each other. Among these countries, Orwell especially picked out Oceania that resembles the contemporary Britain as a setting of the story in order to make readers concentrate on the story by feeling the sympathy, which is caused by the similar background. Oceania is a country ruled by one party, whose name is uncertain and is just described as the Party in the book. At the top of this country, there is a man called as Big Brother, who the people do not know whether he really exists or not, however, the people in Oceania could not doubt his existence, but follow his words blindly. As a result, everything in Oceania goes around Big Brother and the Party, and people always obey their orthodoxy. If there is a person who does not follow the order or rebel against it, he or she will disappear w ithout any traces. The totalitarian character of the Party is also shown very clearly at the beginning of the story. The story starts on a bright cold day in April (Orwell 3), however, it is impossible to observe that special-maybe peculiar weather in England in April. Orwell makes use of this kind of trick to create the disharmony of the background, and finally he intends to deepen the potential uneasiness, which is spread through Oceania. This characteristic society is ruled by four major government agencies: the Ministry of Peace, Ministry of Love, Ministry of Plenty, and the Ministry of Truth. Winston Smith, a protagonist of Nineteen Eighty-Four, constantly fabricates the history and cuts off the past from the present as a worker at the Ministry of Truth. While he is working, he confronts many facts that are against the doctrine of the Party. Then he starts to feel uncomfortable about the existence of the Party, has the hatred toward Big Brother in confidence, and is curious about the social mechanism with its motive so that he starts a diary as an attitude of defiance. One day, at work, Winston meets two important characters, who influenced him a lot: one is Julia, who becomes his lover afterward, and starts an affair, which violates the doctrine of the Party; the other one is OBrien, who is regarded as a sort of his company no matter he is an enemy or an associate and gives Winston the forbidden book written by Em anuel Goldsteinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢the most influential traitor in Oceania. Through the affair, he becomes very glad for a reason that he violates the orthodoxy of the Party-all form of love and loyalty between individuals are prohibited, instead, all of them should be toward Big Brother and the Party; Through reading, he becomes very pleased, for he understands how the society proceeds to corruption. Finally, Julia and Winston are captured and tortured. The purpose of their torture is not to rebuke their insubordination but to re-education them into love Big Brother and the Party without any doubt. After the torture, both of them are broken in spirit so that when they meet on the road by chance, they can not feel the love to each other. On a sunny day in April, Winston feels love for Big Brother and realizes that he is finally cured. By the protagonist, Winston Smith, it is shown that people in Oceania are always watched whenever and wherever they are, and that the Party does not stop doing propaganda and implements several policies in order to brainwash the nations. The totalitarian state, where we watch through Winstons eyes, seems much more horrible than people expect. The author discloses the unrealized facts how danger the totalitarianism is by dramatically exaggerated conditions in the novel. Unfortunately, for a long time, Nineteen Eighty-Four had been misunderstood as an anti-communist novel, as Orwells former publication Animal Farm was regarded as a condemnation against Socialism, which applied the Soviet Union as a model. Yet, in Why I write, which was written before Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell confessed that every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism (Orwell 314) In addition, he stated while he experienced imperialism, Hitler, Totalitarianism, and the Spanish Civil War, etc, he found some lies to disclose and some facts to draw attention. From these evidences, it is shown that Orwell wrote this novel under wholly public-spirited (Orwell 316), not only in order to expose the truth that people did not or could not recognize before-for example, the misleading fact of peoples understanding toward Russia under Stalin, or Japan during the warfare, but also in order to give people a warning for potential danger of totalitarian society. Orwell and Newspeak Before analyzing the relationship between Orwell and Newspeak, it should be better to know the behind-the-scenes story of Nineteen Eighty-Fours birth. In wartime, it was very common that almost all of European-not only the left even also the right, did not understand clearly what Socialist exactly is. They confused the meaning of the terms such as Socialism, Communism, and Stalinism, and treated all of them as the same notion. What was worse, they did not notice flaws of so called Socialism, but just drew applause to everything related to it, especially the Soviet Union. On this widespread social phenomenon all around Europe, Orwell became alerted and started to write Nineteen Eighty-Four, which reflected and exaggerated the contemporary socialistic state. Actually to Orwell it was neither a socialistic problem nor a communistic one. To be more precise, the ill polity was totalitarianism, which could cover both political concepts. Consequently, he decided to write the novel based on his experience and understanding about it, in order to disclose the real picture of totalitarianism. From this perspective, the mechanism in the novel reflects on the contemporary situation. Newspeak is no exception to this rule. For this reason, newspeak can not be treated as an invented tool by Orwell in order to express how horrible the totalitarian state is at all, but an already existed and practiced policy in the real world. In the short run, Orwell named the contemporary abused language planning as Newspeak. Furthermore, in the novel he exaggerated its related policy to the extreme degree in order to maximize its function dramatically. Because of extremely exaggerated newspeak, it is easily and clearly found that there are some more reasons of applying newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, except its main purpose-to show the fear of totalitarianism. To begin with, Orwell designed Newspeak to indicate the possibility of deterioration of the English language by external factors, especially politics. In Politics and the English Language, Orwell stated the interrelation between language and peoples activity. He believed if peoples thought becomes degraded, so does the language people used, and its process could reverse. At the same time, he also mentioned the language did not naturally change, but was shaped by peoples own intentions and ways of thinking. From this aspect, it is shown the bad politics intentionally make the language corrupt in order to pollute peoples way of thinking, and even more peoples life style could be led astray. Secondly, as the mentioned above, newspeak is the product of Orwells experience. During the warfare, he observed many linguistic abuses not only by socialistic government but also by the proclaimed democratic/republic governments. Through the intended misusages of language in politics, Orwell purposed to awaken people not to unconsciously be involved in speaking, writing and thinking in the way the rulers guided. The overstated description of newspeak makes Orwells intention much explicitly. The explanation of newspeak both in the story and the appendix is in harmony with other totalitarian devices so that the author not only can emphasize the main purpose of the story but also can express warning to the corruption of English language. Purpose of the Study This paper is mainly about newspeak not only in George Orwells novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, but also in the real world. First, the study shall be examined the relation between Orwell and Newspeak. After this, based on the premise that language has a political dimension, it will be inquired into the applied example of newspeak from past to present, and be defined how the way of using newspeak has been changed. By this examination, not only how deeply newspeak has infiltrated into our daily life and how it influence peoples way to think in subconscious but also how newspeak is going to develop and apply to real world in the future will be lighted. Literature Review Relationship between Language, Perception, and Politics The reason for the great reputation about Nineteen Eighty-four is Orwell not only expresses a savage and bitter critiques of modern times, a scarring denunciation of our century and some of its corrupt practices and existing institutions, but implies the feasibility of totalitarian state and the feasible execution of its administration tools. As he predicted, the described policies and devices in the novel have gradually filtered into peoples daily life. Therefore, more and more scholars and researchers have begun to take an interest in the totalitarian features remaining around people. Among them the study on Newspeak has taken on renewed importance in recent days. Much interest has been aroused in the relationship between language, human perception, and politics, because Newspeak is based on Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Unless the hypothesis is not established, Newspeak cannot exist; without newspeak, the danger of totalitarian state could not maximize. Related to the basic concept of Newspeak, the existence and necessity of political correctness language is suggested by taking the example of making a distinction between impairment and disability, which results in granting more convenience to the disabled by drawing others attention to the difference between these two words. As Orwell, the idea that the different use of language changes peoples perception, and that this interaction produces the possibility of the language in political usage is taken a step forward (Jones and Wareing 36). The related idea, which penetrates the core of newspeakà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬the interrelationship among language, perception and politicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢is mentioned by Chomsky and Otero: There is a tenuous relationship, in fact several different kinds. I think myself that theyre exaggerated in importance. There is in the first place the question discussed, for example, by Orwell and by a number of others of how language is abused, tortured, distorted, in a way to enforce ideological goals. A classic example would be the switch in the name of the Pentagon from the War Department to the Defense Department in 1947. As soon as that happened, any thoughtful person should have understood that the United States would be no longer be engaged in defense. In would only be engaged in aggressive war. That was disguise that fact. Terms like the free world and the national interest and so on are mere terms of propaganda. One shouldnt take them seriously for a moment. They are designed, often very consciously, in order to try to block thought and understanding. (Chomsky and Otero 471) Meanwhile, Joseph comprehensively deals with its relations from the analysis on the assumption that the language is created in order to fulfill humans political purpose to various issues related to what language should be spoken, whether the spread of a dominant language can equal to the transformation of power, and to who linguistic right should belong to, etc. With regard to the features of newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four, he says its features, especially its political purpose, is not limited to the characteristic of totalitarian language, and every using language is employed intentionally in various fields such as commercial, religion, and education, etc. (Joseph 120) Unfortunately, there is no overall agreement as to the interaction among language, perception and politics. Most of people, who refute to study on their interaction, insist language should be studied only as an entity on itself, without any other external factor. To those people, the collapse of Communism in Central Europe in 1989 may give much room for argument, because the people from European communist countries was not indoctrinated in spite of the execution of thought control using language as a tool. However, the example they mentioned can be interpreted like this: the circumstance of European communistic countries was not like the extreme totalitarian state in Oceania. The people in those countries could keep a touch with outside world. On that account, there exist several external factors behind the fall of Communism in Europe, and it can not be evaluated that the collapse of European communist countries is caused only be the fail of Newspeak. Anyway, language is used to expr ess humans thought since its emergence. Then language has been closely connected with humans activities, and at the same time, as humans needs arises, lots of words and expressions have been added and disappeared. As the result of this, human language has included sociological characteristic. In this sense, language possesses great influence on both humans mental and physical activities, and vice versa as the concept of Orwells Newspeak. Evaluation of Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four While people agree with the feasibility of totalitarian state, there is a rich diversity of opinion on the degree of Owells reflection on the enforced newspeak in the contemporary period. Young examines whether Orwell exaggerated the extent of linguistic corruption in totalitarian societies both by the comparison between Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four and its application to real world, especially Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic and by the analysis of its effect on Soviet peoples subconscious. Meanwhile, Gerovitch conducts a specific study on the phenomena of newspeak in Soviet Union. His study concentrates on the newspeak of Soviet science in counterpoint to the far-reaching range of Youngs research on the example, and then, the researcher evolves the main idea into the emergence of CyberNewspeak-the combination with Cyberspeak and newspeak, in Soviet Science. Because the present part is primarily the evaluation of newspeak in scope, I am choosing to ignore the stud y related to other things. There also exists the study on childrens early language learning combined with the concept of Newspeak. As the foregoing explanation, these studies estimate Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four from various aspects. In detail, Young draws two reasonable conclusions after the scrutinized study on totalitarian language. First, there exist some similarities between the totalitarian language in real world and Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four, aside from differences in ideological content (Young 230): both are alike in the aim and the used ways for expressionà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬they share the similar intention to confirm the orthodoxy of the rulers, and its goal is brought by euphemisms, superlatives, dehumanizing and abusive expressions (Young 230). Second, Orwells Newspeak is somewhat electric and overall logical than totalitarian language in Nazi Germany and in German Democratic Republic. For reasons, Young concludes Orwells description of totalitarian language is still very accurate, and it is inevitable for the gap between the Orwellian model in the novel and the application in reality for different setting condition. Similar with Youngs view toward Newspeak, another study points out the limitation of Newspeak as novel device. It examines the failed redefinition of the meaning of freedom in communist countries, which represents the limit of newspeak policy in real world. Particularly in Poland, the amalgamation of the meaning of freedom and the concept of newspeak failed because the Communists could not brace the economic element of the word. From the failure of redefining words like freedom or democracy, the study suggests two conditions for the realization of newspeak in reality: language does changed, and it can change in response to political pressures-but only where the change fits meaningfully with the linguistic context; has meaningful continuity with past usage, and looms large in shared experience. (Buchowski et al. 573). That is, Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four must change their shape in order to apply themselves into the practical world, and it can be realized only under the rational s ituations. The first conclusion of the study is alike to Youngs one, while it expands it idea to giving what specific limited condition of applying Newspeak to reality. Lastly, there is the research on another feature of totalitarian language in Real World. Different from Orwell, Gerovitch focuses on the flexibility rather than the rigidity [both] of this ideological language [and of Soviet Union] (Gerovitch 13). In his opinion the skillful use of newspeak allowed one to manipulate ideology and to some extent, to define what was permitted in a Soviet context(Gerovitch 15). Newspeak in Soviet Union should have been flexible because newspeak words and expressions were applied to whenever needs to describe Soviet ideology. In this sense, newspeak should have change it meaning according to different purposes, conditions and contexts. As a result, according to Gerovitchs analysis, newspeak applied in real world has more flexibility, while newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-four is fixed in its meaning and use under ultimately controlled society. As the researcher above, with respect to Newspeak, there is general agreement that it mirrors the totalitarian language in the contemporary society to some extent, and that the difference between Newspeak as a novel device and the totalitarian language in the practical world is unavoidable because of the distinction between the imaginary world and reality. Besides, no one deny there still exists the possibility of the emergence of Newspeak in the future. Analysis of Newspeak In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the Party is processing the publication of 10th newspeak dictionary, and they expect the appearance of the complete newspeak system in Oceania in 2050. As readers of Nineteen Eighty-Four know, the two aims of the Party are to conquer the whole surface of the earth and to extinguish once and for all the possibility of independent thought (Orwell 223). The Party desires not only the control of materials but also the thorough surveilance of peoples inside, and newspeak is one of their innovative and tactic devices of the mental control. The concept of newspeak starts from the idea that peoples thoughts and their use of language are interacted. The Party uses the interrelation between the language and peoples thought in order that the Revolution will be complete when the language is perfect because orthodoxy means not thinking-not needing to think. Orthodoxy is unconsciousness (Orwell 61). In other words, newspeak is created to make the expression of anti-governm ent feelings impossible, and eventually to follow the doctrine of the Party unconsciously. Then which characteristic of newspeak helps the complete reign of the Party over Oceania possible? Under the process of making newspeak, the English language in Oceania has faced five great changes, and their interplay makes the impact to the language maximize. First of all, the biggest feature of English used in Oceania is the changed intention of usage. As mentioned above, newspeak is made to devote to achieve Ingsocs political goal, while Standard English is for expressing and sharing ones thought. According to the Party, English in Airstrip One is divided into three word groups and among them, the feature as the artificial language created in political purpose is vividly showed in B vocabulary words. The second change is that the English language has become more implicative than ever. It is because the Party summarizes various meanings into a few words, which are palatable to its principle, for securing their political legitimacy. Particularly, compound words in B vocabulary words show the political implication much noticeably rather than other newspeak terms. The terms, which have more implication than the past, distort the original meaning of the words with other vocabulary consisting of the prefix/suffix and the word. To take the example of compound words in B vocabulary words, the Thought Police, which indicates a police officer who finds out the person thinking anti-government idea, consists of the word thought and police. In the past, the police officer did not relate with thoughtcrime. Yet, when the Party becomes to need to eliminate unorthodoxy, the word the Thought Police is created with the birth of the word thoughtcrime, which can point out anti-Big Brother concept. Me anwhile, ungood can be one of the most striking words, which not only include prefix in words form but also results in the vagueness of the words meaning because of its implication. In the case of ungood, it is made when the prefix un-, which means not, attaches in front of the word good. It is the antonym of good under the doctrine of Oceania. For prohibiting the expression of anti-government idea, the Party cuts out bad, which has the possibility to show the doctrine against Ingsoc. Thus after completing the process of newspeak, the exact notion of goodness and badness will disappear, because there are no precise words to express what bad and good means, while there are only the word good and its antonym un-good. However, there exists slight difference between un-good and bad, which even the dictionary can not clearly demonstrate. As a result, the lack of precise way to express the words meaning, he or she only could use abstract description, which may evoke various kinds of inter pretations by different people and leads the vagueness in meaning, if a person tries to explain what badness is. For this reason, Symes saying that Standard English has more vagueness rather than newspeak seems wrong. Similar to Oldspeak, newspeak also is full of vagueness, however, the vagueness of newspeak is resulted only from political abuses while the imprecision of Standard English has various resources. Another representative example, which has a prefix/suffix, is the title of four main government quarters: the Ministry of Love, the Ministry of Plenty, the Ministry of Truth, and the Ministry of Peace. According to the order of newspeak, their abbreviations are Miniluv, Miniplenty, Minitrue, and Minipax. The abbreviation of every ministry of Oceania is combined with an prefix mini- and each afterward words abbreviation. Thus, in case of the Ministry of Truth-Winston Smiths work place, its name is combined with mini- and true. To account the meaning of this combined word, it se ems to mean the minimized truth, because the prefix mini- means small. According to this kind of interpretation, ironically, the abbreviation of each agency explains what they do much clearly rather than the originally united words. It is because the actual work the Ministry of Truth do is concealing facts and distorting information, although its original name seems the place that offer the truth to people, Same as Miniture, Miniluv is the place that people are tortured, not encouraged to love each other; Miniplenty represents not richness but famine; Minipax causes wars rather keeps worlds peace. Therefore, the English language in Oceania has more implication, which leads the vagueness of words meaning, and the vagueness in meaning and expression produce the corruption of the language. Thirdly, the English grammar becomes more regularized because simplified forms of words. In detail, in newspeak, there is no precise way to distinguish the difference between word classes, because the Party removes one of them if two words share the same root no matter which class the word belongs to. For instance, the verb think in Standard English is used both as a noun and as a verb at the same time according to the rule of newspeak. In this manner, the barriers among different words class has been taken down. Moreover, it becomes also very easy to transform words class. In the case of adverbs and adjectives, the stage of transformation is totally different from the case of nouns and verbs. (Some nouns and verbs are united into one word.) In newspeak, most of adjectives have the suffix -ful while adverbs got -wise. Thus, there are only a few adjectives, which has a strong meaning, left. For example, speedful and speedwise replace other similar words such as rapid, rapidly, and fas t, etc. The pattern of tense change also contributes to the setting of the regularized grammar system. In Oceania, irregular verbs and nouns no longer exist. In consequence, the form of every past tense changes that -d or -ed is attached after a noun or a verb, and it can be a plural form if -s or -es is added after a noun. Under the regularized grammar, peoples spiritual becomes simplified because they do not need to consider whether the word is an irregular one or not. Thus, the systemized grammar makes the rule of the Party much easier to manipulate, distort, and control. In this sense, the role of the regularized grammar system seems like a lubricant, which makes the rule of the Party smoother. Fourthly, the structure of newspeak becomes simplified. Not only it is influenced by the regularized English grammar in newspeak, but also the range of vocabulary becomes much smaller than before the Revolution because of the reduction of the number of English vocabulary. In detail, most of words have only one meaning remained but others, which may be danger for the Party to execute their doctrine, rejected. To take the example of the word free, now it only can be used as the meaning of without or no. Free does not means political or physical freedom any more. As the number of the reduced meaning of free, the structure of newspeak becomes much simpler than of Standard English. In addition, the appearance of lots of abbreviations promotes its simplification but at the same time, it also adds the difficulty of interpretation. Comintern, for instance, remind people of the closed and enthusiastic socialist/communist group rather than the composite picture of universal human brotherhood, red flags, barricades, Karl Marx and the Paris Commune (Orwell 351). The last feature belongs to the irony of its usage. Though the main slogan of the Party is made of the imperfect newspeakà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬though the definition of freedom in newspeak dictionary is already without the things mentioned, many people still use it in various meaning, it emphasized the irony of newspeak by the sentence consisting of words, which have opposite meaning. WAR IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. IGNORANCE IS STRENGHT. Every line of the slogans consists of two contradictory words: war and peace, freedom and slavery, and ignorance and strength. In the practical world or in Oceania before the Party, its composition seems very ridiculous and irrational, however, in 1984, it has no problem to deal like this in Oceania, where even 2+2=5 can be believed if the Party insists. To forbidden unorthodox idea and to strengthen the control over the population, the Party is obliged to emphasize sentences meaning by strong tone made of contraction, and this results in the increased irony of newspeak. These described features of newspeak actually reflect Orwells observance and opinion about contemporary totalitarian language. For example, the changed formation of English language in Oceania reflects one in modern English, and Winstons hatred toward newspeak reflected the authors. The explanation of the example is like this: he once wrote the range of verbs is further cut down by means of the -IZE and DE- formations, and banal statement are given an appearance of profundity by means of the NOT UN- formation (Orwell 160), he might have thought that the English language could loss its vividness by the change of formation when he wrote Politics and the English Language(1946). As times went by, his thought might change and expanded to the worry about the imprecision of modern English. Then he made use of newspeak to express his anxiety toward the decreasing number of verbs, which could result in the uncertainty of English words and phrases. In summary, Orwells worry and idea about totalitarian language comes through newspeak, and the consequence of newspeak can be observed: under the diminished range of expression and simpler way of thinking, people become brainwashed, and eventually they just follow the governments direction without any doubt. Newspeak Applied in Real World 4.1 Newspeak in Wartime It is a well-known fact that Orwells Newspeak reflects the language corruption by the authorities in his contemporary period. Thus, we can find how newspeak developed and changed by shedding new light on Newspeak in war times. One of Soviet propagada expert once mentions Newspeak in the report: We have created in our press a special language-the language of a socialist for a socialist citizen onlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This language is unfamiliar and sometimes unintelligible to the masses, even to the leftist masses, in the capitalist countries.  [1]   The advanced citation about Newspeak in communist countries seems half right and half wrong. Actually, even the leftist in communist regimes sometimes could not understand or confuse the meaning of expressions, which is applied the concept of Newspeak. It is because Newspeak is both radical and deliberate language reform in order to conceal the original purpose of the

Technology - Progress of Interstellar Travel :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Progress of Interstellar Travel      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The (un)likelihood of extraterrestrial   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   visitation is probably one of the   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  most debated aspects of the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis, the answer being   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   an essential component to the validity of the ETH. After all, the assumed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   unlikeliness of interstellar travel has become the cornerstone of those   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   who resist the ETH as an explanation for UFOs. So, does extraterrestrial   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   visitation necessarily require all sorts of "unlikely" science, or is it   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   possible to accomplish interstellar travel using conventional wisdom?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "If we at once admit the foolishness of these perennially suggested   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "impediments" to star flight, we will be on our way to understanding that   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  interstellar space does not need a bridge too far. Interstellar travel may   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   still be in its infancy, but adulthood is fast approaching, and our   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   descendants will someday see childhood's end"[1].         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opinions on the practicality of interstellar travel diverge, but the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   negative and positive opinions are seen to stem primarily from the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   differences in background of those people doing the studies.   SETI   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   researchers think that the degree of dispersion of stars throughout the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   galaxy, combined with the limitations of interstellar travel as we   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   understand general relativity, effectively preclude the feasibility of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   extraterrestrial visitation, thus believing that any extraterrestrial   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   intelligence would only be transmitting their love and good wishes to us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other group, largely composed of physicists and engineers involved in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   propulsion research, tends to believe that interstellar travel is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   difficult, but not a barrier, or not difficult at all once technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   progresses [1]. Not surprisingly, the latter choice appears to be the most   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   defensible.           Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quite a number of clever designs have appeared in print, describing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   various methods of getting mankind to the stars.   These include such   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   projects as the star probe Daedalus, a robot interstellar vehicle designed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   by members of the British Interplanetary Society which uses nuclear fusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   power, or interstellar ramjets which scoop up their fuel between the

Cuban Economics Essay -- Essays Papers

Introduction Modern Cuba is a country born of struggle. The revolutionary movement that formed the modern day government has remained in power for more than forty years. Indeed, the Cuban government is perhaps one of the most stable governments in the region. This fact is made even more evident by the recent fall of democracy in Haiti. However, the past ten years has seen a marked change in Cuban economic policy. Ostracized from the international community and faced with an embargo imposed by the United States, Cuba has turned to various sources of economic reform in order to survive in a global market. Background (1959 – 1991) During the early period after the revolution, Cuba’s primary economic base was based upon one agricultural resource: sugar (Packenham, pg. 137). Without a diversified agricultural or industrial base, Cuba was forced to become dependent on the only superpower that shared its political ideology, the Soviet Union. Indeed, Cuban trade with the Soviet Union reached a level of 69 percent in 1978, a level equivalent to the amount of trade conducted with the United States prior to the revolution (Packenham, pg. 139). As Cuba entered the 1980’s, it was plagued with the same problems that had plagued it since its inception: dependence on one agricultural produce and on one major trading partner. In the estimate of Carmelo Mesa-Lago, most of the Cuban growth from 1960-1984 came as a result of the $40 billion in Soviet aid (â€Å"Cuban Economy†, pg. 187). Leading up to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cuban economy was in a terrible condition. In 1986, the economic growth in planned prices was only 1.4 percent compared to a planned rate of 3 percent. Labor productivity fell 1.6 per... ...orida Press (1994). Packenham, Robert A., â€Å"Cuba and the USSR since 1959: What Kind of Dependency†, pgs. 135-165 in Louis Horowitz ed., Cuban Communism (7th ed.), Transaction Publishers (1989). Perez-Lopez, Jorge F., Cuba’s Second Economy: From Behind the Scenes to Center Stage, Transaction Publishers (1995). Theriot, Lawrence H., â€Å"Cuba Faces the Economic Realities of the 1980’s†, pgs. 257-276 in Louis Horowitz ed., Cuban Communism (7th ed.), Transaction Publishers (1989). Watson, Hilbourne A., â€Å"The Techno-Paradigm Shift, Globalization, and Western Hemisphere Integration Trends and Tendencies: Mapping Issues in the Economic and Social Evolution of the Caribbean†, pgs. 59-88 in Joseph S. Tulchin, Andres Serbin, and Rafael Hernandez eds., Cuba and the Caribbean: Regional Issues and Trends in the Post-Cold War Era, Scholarly Resources (1997).

How Does William Blake convey his anger in the poem London ? Essay

How Does William Blake convey his anger in the poem London ? The poem 'London' by William Blake, relfects his feelings upon the society that he was living in , and how despreratly it needed help. Blake thought that all of the poverty and misfortune that was happening on the streets were caused by the political opression in London. Blake was angered by what he saw in his homeland as other countries started fighting for their indipendence and equality whilst his country stayed dormant, eventhough he felt that there was a serious need for serious action. Eventhough Blake wasn't a typical romantic writer, he too possesed the same beliefs of fighting for what one believes in, and the urge to be liberated from the opression of society. So, by being a writer of the romantic period, watching a controlled and restricted society not showing an intent to break free and fight against the monarchy, angered him and inspired him to convey his ideas and feelings throuh the poem 'London'. In the poem, Blake travels through London and descibes what he sees. And as a result, he sees a severly opressed society that is caused by the authority, such as royalty and the church. This is as Blake sees that even the 'streets' and the 'thames' are 'chartered' and governed by the authorities. This is furthur emphasised by his repitition of the word 'chartered' which then gives the reader an image of the lack of freedom that the people in London posses as the 'streets' is a metahor for the general public while the 'thames' represents their freedom, this is as rivers are normally associated with free will while the 'streets' are gernerally associated with the lower class in society. So, by describing the streets and the thames ... ...y that the monarcy creates. I feel that the poem 'London' effectively convyed William Blakes anger towards the society and his feelings about it. This is as Blake is awear of everything that goes on in the society, and the poem clearly expresses his repulsiveness towards the political opression imposed by the monarchy. However, Blake does not soley balme the monarcy, but also the people of his country. This is because he saw all the other countries that previously suffered the opression of a monarcy, fight for their rights and equailty. Eventhough the monarcy did impose rules upon society, Blake strongly believed that people could overthrow the authorities if they were to truly try and do so. Hence, a part of Blake's anger was conveyed by descibing the self-imprisonment of the people, and how they could break free anytime, but still chose not to do so.

Internet Censorship in China

FYC Ruoxuan (Catherine) Yuan Internet Censorship has negative effects on China Censorship in China has gained much attention recently because of the conflict between Google and the Chinese government’s self-censorship policies. In fact, censorship has been practiced since ancient China and the intensity only increases by the years. Nowadays, the most notable measure of censorship is being done on the Internet. More and more restrictions have been put into actions by the Chinese government, which make the life of Chinese Internet users, the Chinese netizens, very inconvenient. With the intensity of censorship increasing and the censoring technology improving, Internet censorship has mainly negative effects on Chinese society. To start off, the current censorship situation needs to be described. In China, censorship is determined by the ruling party, the Communist Party of China, so Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, special administrative regions that are mostly self-governing, are not fully affected by it. But in mainland China, Internet censorship has great impacts on the society. Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, which people use everyday around the world, are banned in mainland China. Every time a Chinese netizen tries to open these sites, a blank page with bold words â€Å"404 not found† appears. This is very inconvenient for Chinese netizens. Moreover, the number of websites that are inaccessible is increasing. Also, Chinese government has forced search engines to adopt the self-censorship policies that force them to filter the search results for certain words. This triggered the withdrawal of Google from the mainland Chinese market. Attempting to search those â€Å"sensitive† terms not only results in little or no information being displayed but also in the shutdown of one’s Internet connection for a short period of time. Some people even suspect that doing so may lead to being spied on and arrested by the government. With so many coercive protocols, Internet censorship affects China in many different aspects, especially in economy, politics and culture. First of all, to boost the national economy, the Chinese government believes that using Internet censorship for economic protectionism is a good method. However, Internet censorship actually hinders the development of economy inside China. No matter in which nation, the best way to improve its economy is to utilize the most updated technologies and to focus on scientific innovations. China has always emphasized the development of science and technology and on learning the latest innovations from foreign countries, and the ex-leader of China Xiaoping Deng famously claimed that science and technology constitute the primary productive forces. However the new technology and innovations need a market of free competition in order to expand their influence and earn more benefits. Without good management ideas and marketing theories, these technologies cannot be applied properly in order to produce qualified commodities. This is exactly what the Chinese Internet censorship has caused. According to the national condition of China, a market combining socialism and capitalism is needed to rejuvenate the economy. However, the Chinese government proclaims its socialist ideology and promotes local businesses in a socialist manner and refuses the influx of some constructive theories, which may contain capitalist ideas in order to â€Å"maintain the stability of the Communist Party and to create a harmonious society. The restricted and narrow-minded economy strategy of the Chinese government, resulted from the Internet censorship, has undermines the development of the Chinese economy. The Chinese Internet censorship not only blocks useful information, but also interrupts communication between companies, therefore negatively affecting the Chinese economy. Nowadays the re is growing cooperation among companies from different countries, which is an important way to promote economic growth in a nation. However, the partial blocking of popular email services and the shutdown of multiple chat rooms has created many problems for local business contact with foreign ones. A famous example took place in May 2006, when Chinese netizens encountered difficulty connecting to Hotmail, which is an important method to communicate with foreign partners, since it is used all around the world. Also, soon after this event, Chinese netizens again reported that the access to POP mailboxes in many mail providers was difficult. Although Chinese netizens have tried to use blogs and forums to maintain communication, many blogs have been blocked ever since then, including Xanga and the LiveJournal. This makes international cooperation difficult. From this, the efficiency of producing commodities and the quality of the products in China cannot catch up with international standards, thus the Chinese economy suffers. Internet censorship and the requirement of self-censorship not only harm the economy inside China, but also are negatively affecting China in aspects of international commercial trade, even as globalization becomes the trend of today’s world. Chinese Internet censorship is applied to both directions; not only blocks Chinese Internet users’ access to certain foreign websites, but also prevents foreigners from knowing the truth about China through refusal of releasing reliable information. So when foreign companies want to enter the Chinese market, they face a serious question: â€Å"How do you assess an investment opportunity if no reliable information about social tensions, corruption or local trade unions is available? † It is impossible. All this information is necessary for a company to make wise decisions, to figure out a general plan and to find strategies that suit this market. Since most companies do not dare to enter a new market without analyzing and planning ahead, in this way, China lost the potential influx of many investments, technologies, and new management ideas. Even though some corporations were brave enough to challenge the Chinese market due to the lack of information and the restricted policies, most of them have failed. Examples are many, especially when concerning the Internet companies. â€Å"Many Internet giants have retreated from the country†¦ In fact, no major American Internet company has dominated its field in China. These companies, who are â€Å"armed with cash, intellectual property and an ability to manage complex networks and introverted workers,† have failed in the Chinese market. Therefore, it is natural for those companies who are less equipped and less experienced to presume that they will fail as well. Although some scholars assume that China’s restriction may decrease in the future, the block in Februar y 2007 of the French organization Observatoire International des Crises’ website after it posted an article on the risks of trading with China, makes the claim less convincing. This case of censorship, affecting a very specialized site with solely French-language content, shows the government attaches as much importance to the censorship of economic data as political content,† Reporters Without Borders quoted the organization’s comment. Hence, Internet censorship has discouraged foreign business to invest in the Chinese market, and it may keep doing so. Internet censorship has also been used as an efficient tool for economic protectionism in recent years, but the effect may hurt both sides. Renren, (original name is Xiaonei) the Chinese version of Facebook, was founded in 2005, and then in 2009 Facebook was banned in mainland China. Tudou, founded in 2005, and Youku, founded in 2006, both are Chinese versions of YouTube. Their shares of the market greatly increased after YouTube had been banned in 2007. The most notable example occurred when Google decided to quit the Chinese market. After warning in January that it might pull out of China, Google shut its mainland Chinese-language portal and began rerouting searches to its Hong Kong site in late March to avoid self-censorship demands from Beijing. Because China recognized that losing ties to the world's largest global search engine would dampen its innovation and business expansion efforts, and Google certainly wasn't happy at the prospect of losing China's online advertizing market, both sides reached a compromise when China renewed Google’s operating license in July 2010. Yet the damage had been done. Baidu, the Chinese version of Google and China’s top Internet search company, profited greatly and gained a much larger share of the market after Google exited. However, Baidu’s gain is China’s loss. â€Å"The whole industry will become worse. Without competition with Google, Baidu has no motivation to innovate. † said Yu Yang, chief executive of Analysys International, a Beijing research firm. Baidu is known for providing illegal music downloads, although it defended the practice, (Google vs China 2010)saying it simply provides the links. Also, Baidu faced criticism after the local media published reports saying Baidu gave high search rankings to companies selling illegal drugs. Soon after, Baidu signed a multimillion-dollar sponsorship deal with China Central Television, which had broadcast a fake investigative piece on Baidu to â€Å"clear its name†. Furthermore, Baidu is very cooperative with the government’s censorship efforts. So with Google’s absence from China, Chinese citizens are forced to use Baidu, whose ethics are questioned and which will increase the intensity of censorship by following every government order. â€Å"Chinese netizens are the biggest loser in this accident. † Additionally, the lacking of information and the coercive use of native providers caused by Internet censorship affects citizens not only economically, but politically as well. As mentioned in the previous paragraphs, censorship does not only apply to one direction; it affects both Chinese and foreign websites. So the Chinese press cannot post any reports on certain issues online, and they cannot report on those issues in any publications, because the Chinese government has always considered these issues â€Å"sensitive† and capable of â€Å"inciting subversion of the national regime or overthrow of the socialist system. Therefore, when the Internet was first introduced to China, many Chinese netizens discovered that the Internet can be a great way to gain access to foreign press. In this way, they were able to listen to opinions and comments, even critics, from all areas, which is an important step in learning about the government’s advantages and disadvantages and to participate in political lives. However, the Chinese Internet censorship has a focus on neutralizing critical online opinions, especially those that come from foreign press, and the most common way to execute this is to simply make whole websites completely unavailable in mainland China. By doing so, Chinese netizens are unable to know what the international reaction is about a new Chinese policy, or to see the evaluation of China in an international scope and to view the same issue from different sides. For example, the website of BBC, a relatively objective British TV channel, has been banned in mainland China since 2007. Before it was banned, BBC had provided many Chinese citizens access to the latest review on China from an international point of view. CNN, another TV channel, was banned for some time and now is accessible only partially. Chinese censorship policies are applied on Chinese websites as well. Many big Internet companies have to cooperate with the Chinese government, assisting and reinforcing the system of censorship, because they do not want to lose the Chinese Internet market. Therefore, these companies allow the Internet policies to examine their contents and remove anything inappropriate ones right after polices disapprove them. Even worse is that the number of the Internet polices is rumored at more than 50,000. With such an intense level of Internet censorship, critical comments appearing on Internet forums, blogs, and major portals usually are erased within minutes. In this way, Chinese netizens can never gain a full understanding of their own politics and their own government, because all they are exposed to is the government’s propaganda. The function of censorship is focused on preventing Chinese citizens from learning more about past and current failures of the Communist Party and about alternative systems of governance. However, as time passes by, the censored subjects are not limited to the Communist Party any more. Anything about politics can be termed â€Å"sensitive,† and reports on political contents are censored carefully since censorship about news reports is always a focus in the censorship systems. Although censorship does not follow any specific laws or regulations, the censorship system is vigorously implanted and the apparatus of Internet repression has become the most advanced and most extensive in the world. Moreover, Amnesty International notes that China â€Å"has the largest recorded number of imprisoned journalists and cyber-dissidents in the world. The offences of which these people are accused include communicating with groups abroad, opposing the persecution of the Falun Gong, signing online petitions, and calling for reforms and an end to corruption. Under such circumstances, the Chinese netizens can only read reports from the Chinese press which are untruthful and biased; on the other hand, the relatively objective reports from the foreign press are inaccessible. The lack of truthful reports harms the political consciousness of Chinese citizens. If one cannot even know about the truth, he or she cannot be aware of the real situation he or she is facing. For example, the Chinese news report website about the earthquake in Sichuan mainly contains the Communist Party’s propaganda, and lacks useful data or updates of the process on this event. When probing this website, people are more focused on emotions, and they cannot acquire many statistics or real information on the earthquake itself. But when looking at the Japanese news site about the same event, it is clear that its major contents are plain descriptions about the earthquake and the reconstruction process. There are abundant amounts of data, and the reports are largely based on facts and very objective. The American website of the earthquake, although it may not appear to be as objective as its Japanese counterpart, is still very truthful. People can find useful information about the earthquake, and the press also provides some comments and analysis on it. Chinese netizens desperately need the information provided by the foreign press to be politically conscious, but in reality, they cannot gain access to any of these websites, as they are banned by censorship. The government claims that their censorship practices can â€Å"harmonize† society, but in fact, they are only intensifying social conflicts and slowing down the progress of political development. In today’s world, as cultural exchange, which is as important as political communication, becomes more and more frequent, Internet censorship harms China from the perspective of cultural development and cultural communication. A culture is always in a continuous state of change. By communicating and acquiring knowledge from another culture, it is able to learn about the trends of the world’s cultures and update itself. Thus, such a culture will be greatly changed towards a more modern mode. An important compartment of cultural exchange is the exchange of popular culture. With the gradual spread of globalization, popular culture becomes similar across nations and cultures, and the entire world contributes to its further development. In a manner of speaking, popular culture in the world today is a combination of many cultures, each providing its own features and advantages to make the combination attractive to all kinds of people. By contributing to and learning from this popular culture, a nation can improve its own cultural features, thus providing better contents and even leading the trend in the world. However, Chinese Internet censorship inhibits the flow of foreign popular culture into China. A noticeable case is YouTube, an icon for fashion, freedom, individuality and novelty, which has beens inaccessible in mainland China since March 2008, right â€Å"after dozens of videos about protests in Tibet appeared. The issue about Tibet has long been a â€Å"sensitive† topic in China and the Chinese government has used many ways to keep the media out, even if this act is considered violation of the freedom of press. However, in this case denying the access of YouTube not only prevents people from knowing about the issue but also eliminates the communication and interaction between American popular culture and Chinese popular culture. Now it is hard for Chinese netizens to acquire the latest information on fashions in America, and they lose a good chance to be inspired by ideas presented through video clips and to develop their own cultural innovations. In conclusion, Chinese Internet censorship undermines economy improvement, hinders political development, and slows down cultural innovations. Although the Chinese government never admits their censorship policies in public, and although there are no specific laws or regulations addressing the censorship policies, the negative effects caused by Internet censorship are obvious. The president of China, Jintao Hu, vowed to purify the Internet, saying China needed to â€Å"strengthen administration and development of our country’s Internet culture. However, censorship is not the solution, even though the Chinese government does not want to face the reality. It is trying its best to stop people from discovering the truth and to feign a perfect society. Nevertheless, the public cannot be fooled and Chinese citizens are waking from the mirage. A group of former senior Communist party officials in China have criticized the Internet censorship, stating that strict censorship may †Å"sow the seeds of disaster† for China's political transition. Although a government spokesman responded that the government’s rules are â€Å"fully in line† with the rest of the world and that â€Å"no one had been arrested just for writing online content,† reports from the international society opposed this announcement, and Chinese citizens, who are experiencing Internet censorship every day, know the announcement to be a lie. The Chinese people can sense the deep sorrow under the superficial harmony. The nation seems to be prosperous and progressive, but no one knows what unpredictable crisis may happen if the government still insist on the censorship policy so arbitrarily. Although ordinary people may be powerless and vulnerable individually, the strength of the mass cannot be ignored. Chinese netizens have developed some Internet memes to ridicule Internet censorship. Some of them, for example the famous â€Å"Grass Mud Horse,† have become icons of resistance against Internet censorship and have gained media attention globally. These images and slangs cannot change the difficult reality, but they show the citizens’ increasing awareness of problems brought up by censorship. Hence, there is hope that by the effort of the mass, the increasingly pervasive and draconian censorship would end one day, and the government could become as democratic as it always claims to be. Works Cited Barboza, David. â€Å"Baidu’s Gain from Departure Could Be China’s Loss. † New York Times, January 13, 2010. Blum, Suan Debra. Happy news: censorship, nationlism, and language ideology in China. Notre Dame: Ind: The Helen Kellogg Institue for International Studies, 2010. Cheung, Anne S. Y. Self-censorship and the struggle for press freedom in Hong Kong. The Hague, the Netherlands; New York N. Y. Kluwer Law International; Norwell, MA Distributed in North, Central, and South America: Kluwer Law International, 2003. â€Å"China Blocks YouTube After Videos of Tibet Protests Are Posted. † New York Times. March 17, 2008. http://www. nytimes. com/2008/03/17/business/media/17youtube. html? scp=5&sq=youtube%20china&st=cse (accessed November 19, 2010). China. C riminal legislation in the People's Republic of China. Springfield,VA: National Technical Information Service, 1958. China, United States Congressional-Executive Commission on. â€Å"Google and Internet control in China a nexus between human rights and trade? the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, second session. Washington, March 24, 2010. â€Å"China, Where U. S. Internet Companies Often Fail. † New York Times. January 15, 2010. http://www. nytimes. com/2010/01/16/technology/16failure. html? ref=baiducom-inc (accessed November 13, 2010). China's Hu vows to â€Å"purify† Internet. Reuters, January 14, 2006. Chovanec, Patrick. â€Å"Al Jazeera: Internet Censorship in China. † January 2, 2010. http://chovanec. wordpress. com/2010/01/02/al-jazeera-internet-censorship-in-china/ (accessed November 14, 2010). CPC, The Central Committee of. . † the annual meeting, the 6th convention for the 16th Central Committee of CPC. Beijing: China, October 11, 2006. Deng, Xiaoping. Science and technology constitute the primary productive force. ex-president of China, 1988. â€Å"French website blocked for warning of risks of investing in China. † Reporters Without Borders. May 30, 2007. http://www. rsf. org/article. php3? id_article=21492 (accessed November 13, 2010). â€Å"French website blocked for warning of risks of investing in China. † Reporters Without Borders. March 30, 2007. http://www. rsf. org/article. php3? d_article=21492 (accessed November 13, 2010). Geoff Dyer, Mure Dickie. â€Å"Chinese Hotmail users suffer disruptions. † Financial Times, May 12, 2006. Human Rights Watch. â€Å"China: ‘race to the bottom’: corporate complicity in Chinese Internet censorship. † 2006: 141. â€Å"Internet freedom. † Background Global Internet Freedom Consortium. http://www. internetfreedom. org/Background (accessed November 20, 2010). Linnee, Susan. Freedom of Expres sion. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. News, BBC. China defends internet regulation. Feburary 15, 2006. http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4715044. stm (accessed May 4, 2010). . Party elders attack China censors. Feburary 14, 2006. http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4712134. stm (accessed May 4, 2010). Red Hearing. â€Å"Google vs China. † 2010: 1. Reuters. â€Å"Google Exit Appears to Benefit Top China Rival, Baidu,. † New York Times. January 15, 2010. www. nytimes. com/2010/04/30/technology/30baidu. html (accessed November 15, 2010). Richardson, Sophie. â€Å"China’s forbidden zones: shutting the media out of Tibet and other ‘sensitive’ stories. † Human Rights Watch, 2008: 67. Sichuan earthquake. http://topics. nytimes. com/top/news/science/topics/earthquakes/sichuan_province_china/index. tml? scp=1-spot;sq=china%20earthquake;st=cse (accessed November 20, 2010). Watts, Jonathan. â€Å"China's secret Internet pol ice target critics with web of propaganda. † London: The Guardian. June 14, 2005. http://technology. guardian. co. uk/online/news/0,12597,1505988,00. html#article_continue (accessed November 20, 2010). Wines, Michael. â€Å"A Dirty Pun Tweaks China’s Online Censors. † New York Times. March 11, 2009. http://www. nytimes. com/2009/03/12/world/asia/12beast. html? em. . August 8, 2010. http://baike. baidu. com/view/50946. htm (accessed November 14, 2010). . September 26, 2010. http://baike. baidu. om/view/2421360. htm (accessed November 14, 2010). â€Å". † October 15, 2010. http://baike. baidu. com/view/102023. htm (accessed November 20, 2010). . http://www. asahi. com/special/08004/ (accessed November 20, 2010). . http://www. xinhuanet. com/xhwenchuan/ (accessed November 20, 2010). . October 15, 2010. http://baike. baidu. com/view/620774. htm (accessed November 15, 2010). —————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. Susan Debra Blum, Happy news: censorship, nationalism, and language ideology in China (Notre Dame, Ind: The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, 2010). 2 ]. Cheung, Anne S. Y. , Self-censorship and the struggle for press freedom in Hong Kong, (The Hague, the Netherlands; New York N. Y. : Kluwer Law International; Norwell, MA Distributed in North, Central, and South America by Kluwer Law International, 2003). [ 3 ]. United States Congressional-Executive Commission on China, â€Å"Google and Internet control in China a nexus between human rights and trade? †, (paper presented at the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Eleventh

Chilean Copper Mine Collapse Report

Week 4: Chilean Copper Mine Collapse Report Monique Carr BCOM/275 February 21, 2013 Instructor: Yuvonne Richmond Chilean Copper Mine Collapse Report In the article that I had to research called â€Å"Over 30 workers trapped after Chilean Copper Mine Collapse† (Weik, 2010) it talks about what occurred on August 5, 2010 in which the San Jose mine collapsed trapping approximately 30 workers.The article indicated that prior to the collapse a fatal accident occurred in 2007 which closed the mine for a period of time but later opened in the later part of the year. It also detailed that the rescuers were attempting to locate the workers so they would be able to drill their way into the mine in order to provide the workers with food, water, and oxygen but a second collapse occurred during that process.The additional articles I reviewed regarding this report did not provide enough detail regarding the status of the minors and their health but stated more about the company reasons to wh y this event occurred and providing statements such as â€Å"Major mining accidents are uncommon in Chile, the world’s top cooper producer† (Arthur, 2010) and stating â€Å"How Chile is the top copper producer in the world so mining accidents are uncommon in when its monitored so closely by authorities† (Soto, 2010). Basically, the articles never really explained why and how this incident occurred the communication was not very effective.Effective communication is very important regardless of the way it is used to communicate with the audience. Some of the considerations to be given in the different roles and speaking with the different audiences you must consider the communication barrier, cultural diversity, perceptions, and body language of your audience. If the communication is done incorrectly it could possibly affect not alone the families of the workers but also the reputation of the company. The representatives who speak on behalf of the ompany will have to be skilled in knowing what to say, how to say it, and finding the right way to deliver the news to the families, public and etc. The incident that occurred affected many people across the world especially the families that were involved. The families were upset and frustrated because they wanted answers about their loved ones and wondering if they would make it out alive. The mining company must possess some sort of responsibility to make sure the families of the workers are updated on everything that is happening and the precautions they will be taking to ensure the safety of their loved ones.The ways of communication would be to provide detail knowledge of the event by conducting a face-to- face meeting, explaining the different implementations that would be in place to convince them that the company is working night and day to get everyone out with safety and security. Also, providing the families with written confirmation on everything that is being done to take place and ex plaining that once the miners are rescued what the next steps are to help them mentally and physically.The main aspect of the communication to the families would be offering counseling sessions to prepare the families for any bad news that may happen within the days there loved ones were trapped in the mine and any information relayed by the experts would also be communicated to the families. Another factor to consider is the communication the company must have with the employees of the company and that would also include the workers that are trapped in the mine.The proper communication would be email or setting up a webex which is an online meeting tool that you are able to have updates and presentations presented even to the employees that are out of state or even out the country. The communication should be detailing the safety and well-being the company has for its employees and being mindful of the safety precautions for each individual. Also, the company could set up an employ ee benefit hot line so counselors are able to speak with anyone day or night that may be affected by this incident.The actions that I would take before and after the message is delivered to the families, employees, and audience is to conduct follow up meetings and communications in email. The follow up process will clarify the things discussed to all parties about the incident and what procedures will take place for the workers in the future. It is very important to send documentation about every timeline of the event that can be stored for legal purposes and company’s records. The Chilean mine incident story captured global attention from many.This rescue is a tribute not only to the determination of the rescue workers and the Chilean government but also the unity and resolve of the Chilean people who have inspired the world,† Obama said in Washington (Wade, 2010). Two Communications from the Mining Company To the families of the Chilean miners, We would like to take t his time to first extend our prayers and condolences to each of you and your families. I called a face –to- face meeting with you all so we can answer any questions and provide you all with updates on the process of getting your loved ones out the miner.We are working diligently day and night to ensure the safety of our employees’ and your loved ones. There will be ways of communication given to the miners from the company and to the families. Please do not hesitate to contact us when you have a question or concern by email or phone. To the Chilean employees: I would like to thank each of you for the support and contributions for your willingness to help assist with getting your coworkers released from the mine.In the last few days we have overcome many obstacles and are facing great challenges, however with your prayer and support to the families we will look for a greater response with a great solution in getting our employees home. We will be having daily teleconfer ence meetings and also follow up emails. This is to keep everyone aware of the status of the miners update and also answering any questions or concerns you may have. Last, please do not hesitate to contact the Employee Benefit Help line for counseling. We will get our friends, coworkers, and family home. Thank you. ReferencesWade, T. , (2010, October 13) Chilean miners rescued after 69 days underground. Retrieved from http://www. reuters. com/article/2010/10/13/us-chile-miners-idUSN0925972620101013 Soto, A. (2010) Leading the Rescue of the Miners in Chile. Retrieved from: http://kw. wharton. upenn. edu/wdp/files/2011/07/Leading-the-Miners-Rescue. pdf Arthur, K. , (2010, August 6) Chile mine collapse traps 34 miners. Retrieved from: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-latin-america-10897327 Weik, J. (2010, August 6) Over 30 workers trapped after Chilean copper mine collapse. Metal bulletin daily. (224), 65.