Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Healthcare Difference Between Us and India Essay - 1498 Words

HEALTHCARE IN THE UNITED STATES AND INDIAAXIA COLLEGENICOLE CAMPONOVEMEBER 21, 2010 | Health Care in the United States is described as the â€Å"cottage industry† it has been fragmented at the national, state, community and practice levels. There is not one single entity or set of policies guiding the health care system; Furthermore, this fragile primary care system is on the verge of collapse according to the Commonwealth Fund Commission. (A. Shih, 2008) The fragmentation of our delivery system is a fundamental contributor to the poor overall performance of the U.S. health care system. In our fragmented system: * patients and families navigate unassisted across different providers and care settings, fostering frustrating and dangerous†¦show more content†¦to participate in health information exchange across providers and care settings within five years These do not necessarily mean it will fix the health care system as we know it, but could generate, a better understand on what is expected of the United States as a whole, when the Medicare and Medicaid system is done away with, those born in the late 60’s to 2000’s will probably not benefit from the Medicare or Social Security system, when they reach the age of 65, Why you might ask, because the way the economy is going these systems will be obsolete in the future, while the Government is trying to build a better entity, they will probably in fact, not accomplish this, it is my understanding that they will be doing away with the Medicaid program by the year 2012, this will be a great burden to those who are currently on this, If the Government could make it easier for those who can’t afford insurance to acquire commercial insurance at a lesser cost, then the majority would be get these types of insurances, (ex Cigna, Humana, Aetna, BCBS, United Healthcare) I wo rk in the medical field, I see daily the abuse some of these patients are taking from the Government in regards to their medical care, one month they have the insurance, the next they are on what is called â€Å"Share of Cost†,(SOC) this is just like an HMO or PPO, you have a deductable to reach every month, the only problems is, these patients do not have any money to pay, so they have to go to the local Hospital, toShow MoreRelatedBella health care case Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Bella Heath Care India 1. 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Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Alcoholism - 823 Words

Imagine you are at a family wedding reception where there is alcohol being served. As the night progresses you notice your Uncle Bob frequenting the bar in the corner of the room for nearly one drink after another. He is reaching his limit for liquor he can handle, and you notice him acting increasingly disoriented, obnoxious, and tipsy. The rest of your family watches him as he virtually makes a fool out of himself and comments about him fill the room. He has always been drinking way too much since his days in the frat house at the university, states one relative. He is just like his father,  comments another. Such a story sparks a debate as to the foundation of alcoholism. Merriam-Webster s Dictionary defines alcoholism as continued†¦show more content†¦Additionally, the affect of low social status is to increase the risk of alcohol abuse for all people.  (Steen 210) There are undoubtedly numerous factors that may influence a person to become an alcoholic, and it mus t be kept in mind that under the right circumstances everyone is prone to addiction. Although environmental factors are a key issue for alcoholism, genetics are also a factor of the disease. Researchers often agree that the link between certain chromosomes and alcoholism are present in the brain. Researchers describe the areas on the chromosomes as hot spots  because they probably contain hundreds of different genes that contribute to an increased risk for alcoholism.  (Marcotty 25) In addition to such hot spots,  R. Grant Steen, author of DNA and Destiny: Nature and Nurture in Human Behavior, states that there is a strong correlation between the A1 allele (a dopamine receptor) and alcoholism in human beings. The allele was more commonly found in the brain tissue of alcoholics than in non-alcoholics. Having discovered that presence of the allele, scientists drew the conclusion that the A1 allele was one of the best indicators that certain genetic aspects can influence the tendency to become alcoholic. In some form or genetics play a certain role in the disea se. IfShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism : Alcoholism And Alcoholism2482 Words   |  10 Pageslead to extreme alcohol abuse and even alcoholism. The society we live in is strongly prejudiced by alcohol, and affects people of all ages, gender, and background. It has been uncovered to millionaires to the homeless. 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Monday, December 9, 2019

An Evaluation Report On Prince Edward Island

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation Report On Prince Edward Island. Answer: Introduction The PEI or Prince Edward Island information system is a province wide computer system introduced in Canada, which enables healthcare providers and pharmacists to access the centralized medication profile (Bassi Lau, 2013). These information systems enable their authorized users to share, manage, safeguard and access patients medicinal history. According to Jeff Jardine who is a pharmacist at Prince Edward Island Drug Information System has helped and contributed a lot to improve patients safety and health. He explains It helps us in catching up with past records of our patients even when they had went to some other pharmacist. This helps me to prevent any drug interaction or allergy that I may not be aware of. It helps me to see the complete picture at one go. He explains how people find it difficult to remember the dosage they have to take. Having a drug information system enables us to prepare a prescription according to their condition. (Borycki, Kushniruk, Carvalho,2013) Evaluation The implementation of this program in provincial pharmacies and community started in the year 2008 and the implementation with physicians and healthcare centers are still going on (Aung, Whittaker,2013). In this evaluation the project life cycle is considered for early benefits, oppurtunities for improvement and improvements that have occurred since 2009. A framework was created for the evaluation based on these questions:- Implementations Questions- Was the Drug Information System implemented as planned? Was the change management effective? Outcome questions- If the Drug Information system is achieving the objectives and whether it is giving stakeholder benefits? If the Drug information systems achieving stated objectives for the patients Questions that are asked for the implantation process are answered fully through a description based on mandates and documents from the year 2015 benefit evaluation, whereas the questions that were asked for the outcome related part were answered based on the end user survey and administrative data review. (Lau, Kuziemsky, Price, Gardner,2010) Methods The data that was used in this evaluation was collected in two ways, the administrative data was collected from the Drug information system warehouse. Other than that a survey of physicians, health care providers and pharmacists was also used from the Drug information system. Administrative Data Review The data that was used from the Drug Information system warehouse was used to study the outcomes of limited number of physicians, patients, the overall system and pharmacists. The Drug Information System is still being rolled out to the physicians in different contexts therefore the outcomes of the target group would vary. However for now the focus is on system outcomes, pharmacists and patients. Descriptive statistics are used to analyse the data that was relevant. Pharmacist, Health Care Provider Study and Physician All the people who were using Drug Information System irrespective whether they were health care providers, patients and pharmacists were interviewed about their experience with the system. The survey was developed by Canada Health Infoway and covered dimensions such as information, service quality, improvements, system functions and system that were changed since its introduction. Infoways aim is to ensure that all Canadians profiles are stored in the jurisdiction drug information repository. This information has to be made available for the authorized clinicians. Till 2014 about 60% of the Canadians information was stored in this system that is triple than the numbers that were achieved in 2006 (Kushniruk, Kaipio, Nieminen, Hyppnen, Lveri, Nohr, Kanstrup, Berg Christiansen, Kuo, Borycki, 2014 )An email invite was sent to the Prince Edward Island pharmacists and those were counted in the survey who actively responded to the email. Number of dimensions were used in the survey and so me of these were- Profession (whether respondents is a physician, pharmacist, or health care professional), Work Location (which county did the respondent belong to), Length of use (how long have they been using the system), and computer proficiency (how proficient were they in using computers). (Smylie, Firestone, 2015), (Borycki, Kushniruk, 2010) Limitations As the period that the system has been online is quite long before this evaluation the limitations were alleviated due to the lengthy period (Gooch Roudsari ,2011)There were many improvements from the previous evaluation as now no paper based surveys were used but emails were used to submit the surveys. Findings Implementation and change management process:- The Prince Edward Island information system met the targets that were set by Canada Health Infoway or CHI. This system has been exceptionally useful. But the physician uptakes have not geared up in speed, even now therefore it is realized that the full benefits of this system has still not met. There has been valid evidence that end user satisfaction is suffering due to the lack of physicians as visible improvements are needed in recruiting physicians for this system. In our investigation we found out that there has been steady drop in on-going support and training of physicians that are added for the system training. (Zinszer, Tamblyn, W Bates, Buckeridge,2013) Drug information system outcome:- Data was made available from the drug information system warehouse that was about the service quality indicators and patient outcomes. Data was reviewed in areas about multiple prescribers, drug utilization reviews, patient compliance, patients profiles views according to location, time required for to resolve tickets by DeltaWare system and seniors medication use. We observed the first two years period for the first stage users for the time the drug information system was made available online. Baseline numbers are used to track and control issues related to poly pharmacy behavior, senior medication use, ticket resolution time, poly-doctor behavior, patients profile views, DUR messaging and patient compliance based on achievements in pharmacist and patients outcomes. Majority of these baseline numbers are also used to track the physician intake and its effects. (Lau, Price, Boyd, Partridge, Bell, Raworth,2013) Project Plan The aim of the Drug Information system was to link the sites across province and settings in a database of electronic records of the patients. This centralized medical database was accessible from the Drug Information system that provided information about drug allergies and prescribed medications. Through this Drug Information System the healthcare workers can record, manage and view any information about the drug online. They can also interact with the decision supporting tools and can prescribe medications online. Proposed Benefits Number of benefits was proposed to the key stakeholders. Patients:- Patient satisfaction level will be increased by the use of this system Treatments will be enhanced to a better level through this Drug Information System As medical professionals will have a shared view, counseling of the patients will be better. This shared view will ensure better communication between health care providers and health facilities providers This will reduce the hospital stay and physician visits. Pharmacies/pharmacists The efficiency for the care of the patients is greatly increased through cognitive services and professional counseling Patients that are under multiple providers are benefited by improved drug therapy management Reduced risk of dispensing and medication errors Physicians As the physicians are able to access complete information about the patient, the effectiveness of the care automatically improves This system ensures that physicians get an ability to intervene in any inappropriate drug use Physicians also get access to discharge medication through the health facility data Administrative Data Review Administrative data from the Data Information System provides insights into groups such as pharmacists and patients. This system till now is being used by very few physicians therefore data related to their use is limited. Patient Outcomes It is crucial that the patients fill the prescriptions properly as only that information can ensure that they get proper medications from the physicians. As the Drug Information System had been online for more than two years the data available is greater than any sample taken for a month. Multiple Prescribers It is key concern in the health care sector that there are multiple prescribers that have to be dealt with. Through this system it is possible to poly doctor. Seniors medication use One of the functions that this system served is to effectively track seniors (65 years)( Lafortune, Huson, Santi, Stolee,2015) Most common medications that were prescribed When the data was entered about the most commonly prescribed medications a picture was provided about the common drugs being prescribed to the patients of Prince Edward Island patients. These medications were most commonly prescribed to patients from Prince Edward Island:- NOVO-Hydrazide Metadol Lipitor Celebrex RATIO-Salbutamol-HFA RATIO-Omeprazole Synthriod Plavix Crestor APO-Ramipril Through this list we can denote that the majority of patients are suffering from asthma and cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacist Outcomes The Drug Information System is being used by a number of pharmacists who are viewing profiles of patients. But even the compliance of pharmacists can be tracked through this system by viewing the Drug Utilization Reviews. (Whittaker, Hodge, E Mares, Rodney,2015) System outcomes The frequency of the use of the Drug Information System is determined by the number of patients profiles views by the pharmacies.( Nutley, Reynolds,2013) Physicians, Health Care Provider Survey and Pharmacist The survey covered areas such as service use, satisfaction, service quality and information. Respondents were asked whether they were satisfied with the system. System Quality was another area that was asked about (McGinn, Gagnon, Shaw, Sicotte, Mathieu, Leduc, Grenier, Duplantie, Abdeljelil, Lgar, 2012) Service quality of the system whether it is unacceptable, acceptable or neither unacceptable nor acceptable. Results of the survey showed that respect to satisfaction has been made in quality of care, the relevance of information, focus of the work and the speed of the information. The progress was slow due to the lack of physicians and lack of coordination in training and information. (Ahanhanzo, Ouedraogo, Kpozhouen, Coppieters, Makoutod, Dramaix ,2015),( Aminpour, Sadoughi, Ahamdi,2014) (Choi, 2012) Pan Canadian Indicators The areas such as provider efficiency, actual use, system functionality, intention and system functionality are the Pan Canadian Indicators. The Drug Information system is a fit for these indicators. Disadvantages There are many disadvantages of Drug Information systems like the Prince Edward Island Drug information system:- Lack of job security and Unemployment:- these system do save a lot of time and efforts after their implementation. Time required doing a lot of paperwork and labor mechanic work is saved. Financial transactions are done automatically. These tasks that were previously done by humans are done in a fraction of time by these systems. This technology usage causes humans to lose their jobs and gives rise to large scale unemployment. (Kayser, Kushniruk, Osborne, Norgaard, Turner,2015) Security issues:- another threat that arises from information systems like these are hackers and thieves getting the data that are saved on these databases. The data includes medical history and personal data of numerous people. The hackers can use this sensitive information against the patients. (Jawhari, Ludwick, Keenan, Zakus, Hayward,2016) Implementation costs:- the cost that is attached to implementing systems like these is huge. Recommendations In order to ensure that long term goals for the Data Information system are met continuity planning, reviewing of procedures and comprising change management is essential. In order to ensure the sound functioning of the Data Information system we need to establish strict security standards as recommended by the Attorney general. For better knowledge transfer and better understanding new communication should be established for Data Information system end users which will enable better understanding of the Data Information system updates and features Regular communications and on-site visits are required to focus on end user support and training. This would help in alleviating concerns that were pointed out in online survey with collaboration with the software vendors. Checking of the project documentation and Data Information system management structure to create a protocol for updates. With respect to the Drug utilization reviews or DURs system stability and response time should always be prioritized for providing efficient service. Conclusion The Drug Information system is achieving the Canadian health Infoway targets by good uptake. This has been demonstrated by the data that was made available for the patient outcomes, performance monitoring, quality and safety activities. This evaluation report shows that there are definitive impacts and trends of the system. Health care providers have reported a low satisfaction with Drug information system for now but they do believe that this system is improving (Dixon, Pina, Kharrazi, Gharghabi, Richards ,2015)It is visible that these improvements will increase over time and the system will become better with time. An ongoing impediment for the system is the limited participation of the physicians which is prohibiting in realizing the full use of the system. The level of satisfaction can be increased by role clarity, information sharing and increased communication. Satisfaction among the providers can also be increased by confirming the long term visions that were set for the Drug Information System. References Kushniruk, J. Kaipio, M. Nieminen, H. Hyppnen, T. Lveri, C. Nohr, A. M. Kanstrup, M. Berg Christiansen, M.-H. Kuo, E. Borycki (2014). Human Factors in the Large: Experiences from Denmark, Finland and Canada in Moving Towards Regional and National Evaluations of Health Information System Usability: Contribution of the IMIA Human Factors Working Group. Yearb Med Inform. , 6781. Badeia Jawhari, Dave Ludwick, Louanne Keenan, David Zakus, Robert Hayward (2016). Benefits and challenges of EMR implementations in low resource settings: a state-of-the-art review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak , 116. Brian E. Dixon, Jamie Pina, Hadi Kharrazi, Fardad Gharghabi, Janise Richards (2015). Whats Past is Prologue: A Scoping Review of Recent Public Health and Global Health Informatics Literature. Online J Public Health Inform , 83-89. Carrie Anna McGinn, Marie-Pierre Gagnon, Nicola Shaw, Claude Sicotte, Luc Mathieu, Yvan Leduc, Sonya Grenier, Julie Duplantie, Anis Ben Abdeljelil, France Lgar (2012). Users perspectives of key factors to implementing electronic health records in Canada: a Delphi study. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak , 105. Choi, Bernard C. K. (2012). The Past, Present, and Future of Public Health Surveillance. Scientifica , 78-82. Claire Lafortune, Kelsey Huson, Selena Santi, Paul Stolee (2015). Community-based primary health care for older adults: a qualitative study of the perceptions of clients, caregivers and health care providers. BMC Geriatr , 57. E.M Borycki, A.W Kushniruk (2010). Towards an Integrative Cognitive-Socio-Technical Approach in Health Informatics: Analyzing Technology-Induced Error Involving Health Information Systems to Improve Patient Safety. Open Med Inform J. , 181187. Eindra Aung, Maxine Whittaker (2013). Preparing routine health information systems for immediate health responses to disasters. Health Policy Plan , 495507. Elizabeth Borycki, Andre Kushniruk, Christopher Carvalho (2013). A Methodology for Validating Safety Heuristics Using Clinical Simulations: Identifying and Preventing Possible Technology-Induced Errors Related to Using Health Information Systems. Comput Math Methods Med. , 46-58. Farzaneh Aminpour, Farahnaz Sadoughi, Maryam Ahamdi (2014). Utilization of open source electronic health record around the world: A systematic review. J Res Med Sci , 5764. Francis Lau, Craig Kuziemsky, Morgan Price, Jesse Gardner (2010). A review on systematic reviews of health information system studies. J Am Med Inform Assoc , 637645. Francis Lau, Morgan Price, Jeanette Boyd, Colin Partridge, Heidi Bell, Rebecca Raworth (2012). Impact of electronic medical record on physician practice in office settings: a systematic review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. , 51-56. Janet Smylie, Michelle Firestone (2015). Back to the basics: Identifying and addressing underlying challenges in achieving high quality and relevant health statistics for indigenous populations in Canada. Stat J IAOS , 6787. Jesdeep Bassi, Francis Lau (2013). Measuring value for money: a scoping review on economic evaluation of health information systems. J Am Med Inform Assoc , 792801. Kate Zinszer, Robyn Tamblyn, David W Bates, David L Buckeridge (2013). A qualitative study of health information technology in the Canadian public health system. BMC Public Health , 509. Lars Kayser, Andre Kushniruk, Richard H Osborne, Ole Norgaard, Paul Turner (2015). Enhancing the Effectiveness of Consumer-Focused Health Information Technology Systems Through eHealth Literacy: A Framework for Understanding Users' Needs. JMIR Hum Factors , 34-39. Maxine Whittaker, Nicola Hodge, Renata E Mares, Anna Rodney (2015). Preparing for the data revolution: identifying minimum health information competencies among the health workforce. Hum Resour Health , 17. Phil Gooch, Abdul Roudsari (2011). Computerization of workflows, guidelines, and care pathways: a review of implementation challenges for process-oriented health information systems. J Am Med Inform Assoc , 738748. Tara Nutley, Heidi W. Reynolds (2013). Improving the use of health data for health system strengthening. Glob Health Action , 78-89. Yolaine Gll Ahanhanzo, Laurent T Ouedraogo, Alphonse Kpozhouen, Yves Coppieters, Michel Makoutod, Michle Wilmet-Dramaix (2015). Factors associated with data quality in the routine health information system of Benin. Arch Public Health , 25.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Objective Summary Essays - Soups, Chicken Soup,

Objective Summary: The story is about a child's expectance of a family life filled with love and comforts, which is contrast with his real working class family life. Subjective Evaluation: Soto, back to his age of nine, dreamed to live in a family life that was uncomplicated in its routine. In reality, Soto lived in a working class family; he tried to change his family to imitate the perfect families he absorbed from television. I think many people have done what Soto did to fulfill the dream of a perfect family they wanted. I am not excluded from this either. I have an experience of attempting to change my family life. It was one year later after my family first came to the US in 1995. I learned many new things in this country that I never knew in China, and I appreciated some living styles in American culture. As I tended to like the styles of American life, I expected my family like them, too. The thing I wanted my family to change was the cooking style. I hated to cook Chinese dinner because it took so long to prepare. There are four kinds of food which are considered essential parts of Chinese dinner: rice, soup, vegetable, and meat; they are usually cooked separately. I was not the one who was good at cooking in my family, but I did have to cook when I came home earlier than my parents and two sisters still at work. One day, when we were sitting together at the dinning table for dinner, I suggested to my family that we could have sandwiches and precooked food from the supermarket as our dinner since many American families do. My parents looked at me in bewilderment. Son, you must be kidding, right? Those sandwiches and precooked food do not give you enough nutrition for growing up, my dad said. And precooked food is not good for your health, my mother kept on. My elder sisters showed no interest in my idea. I grew frustrated from their reaction, but I did not give up. Evening after evening, I kept bringing up the idea at the dinning table. My mother finally permitted me to make one American dinner for the family. That day, I went to the supermarket to buy bread, ham, and chicken soup right after school. I planned on making ham sandwiches and chicken soup for the dinner. The dinner was ready and served at our usual dinnertime. My mother tasted a spoon of the chicken soup and said, It tastes like brine, nothing but salty. Why don't they put some shark fins in it? She refused to have another spoon. My sisters only had a small bite of their sandwiches and then put them down; my father barely finished one. Even I could not have another one after finishing two. That night, my parents and sisters had instant noodle for dinner. Such a result was out of my expectation, but I had to accept it. From then on, the subject of changing cooking style is never brought up to the family conversation. I think Soto had the same feeling as I did when he found out that there was no way to change his family to be the perfect family he expected. When he realized that, he went out to look for work; being different from him, I tried to bring up another subject to the family conversation.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

What You Need to Know About the Executive Assessment

What You Need to Know About the Executive Assessment The Executive Assessment (EA) is a standardized exam developed by the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC), the organization behind the GMAT. The exam is designed to help business school admissions committees assess the readiness and skills of experienced business professionals who are applying to an Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA) program. Who Should Take the Executive Assessment? If you are applying to an MBA program of any kind, including an EMBA program, you will almost certainly have to submit standardized test scores as part of the admissions process. Most business school applicants take either the GMAT or GRE to demonstrate their readiness for business school. Not every business school accepts GRE scores, so the GMAT is taken more often. The GMAT and GRE both test your analytical writing, reasoning, and quantitative abilities. The Executive Assessment tests some of those same skills and is meant to replace the GMAT or GRE. In other words, if you are applying to an EMBA program, you can take the Executive Assessment instead of the GMAT or GRE. How Business Schools Use the Executive Assessment Business school admission committees assess your standardized test scores to get a better understanding of your quantitative, reasoning, and communication skills. They want to see if you have the capacity to understand the information being presented to you in a graduate business program. They also want to make sure that you will be able to contribute something to the class discussions and assignments. When they compare your test score to the scores of candidates who are already in the program and scores of other candidates who are applying to the program, they can see where you stand in comparison to your peers. Although test scores arent the only deciding factor in the business school application process, they are important. Getting a test score that is somewhere in the score range for other candidates will only increase your chances of getting accepted to a graduate level business program. The GMAC reports that while most business schools use Executive Assessment scores to assess your readiness for an academic business program, there are some schools that also use your score to help you succeed in the program. For example, a school may determine that you need additional quantitative preparation and recommend a refresher course prior to starting certain courses within the program. Test Structure and Content The Executive Assessment is a 90-minute, computer-adaptive test. There are 40 questions on the test. Questions are split into three sections: integrated reasoning, verbal reasoning, and quantitative reasoning. Youll have 30 minutes to complete each section. There are no breaks. Heres what you should expect on each section of the test: The integrated reasoning section has 12 questions. The question types that youll encounter on this section of the test include multi-source reasoning, graphics interpretation, two-part analysis, and table analysis. To answer the questions, youll have to use your logic and reasoning skills to evaluate information that is presented to you through a graph, table, diagram, chart, or passage of text. The verbal reasoning section consists of 14 questions. Question types include critical reasoning, sentence correction, and reading comprehension. To answer the questions, youll have to read a passage and then answer questions that test your understanding of the text, your ability to evaluate an argument, or your knowledge of grammar in written English. The quantitative reasoning section has 14 questions. Youll encounter just two different types of questions: data sufficiency and problem-solving. Youll need some knowledge of basic arithmetic (fractions, decimals, percents, roots, etc.) and alg ebra (expressions, equations, inequalities, functions, etc.) to answer these questions, but not much more than you would need to know to pass a freshman algebra class in high school. In some cases, youll be asked to solve a math problem; in others, youll be asked to evaluate the information provided in the question to determine if there is enough data to answer the question. Pros and Cons of the Executive Assessment The biggest advantage of the Executive Assessment is that it is specifically designed to test the skills that you have already acquired in your professional career. So unlike the GMAT and GRE, the Executive Assessment does not require you to take a prep course or engage in other forms of expensive, time-consuming preparation. As a mid-career professional, you should already have the knowledge you need to answer the questions on the Executive Assessment. Another plus is that there is no  analytical writing assessment like there is on the GMAT and GRE, so if writing under a tight deadline is difficult for you, youll have one less thing to worry about. There are drawbacks to the Executive Assessment. First off, it costs a little bit more than the GRE and the GMAT. It can also be a challenging test if you don’t have the required knowledge, if you need a math refresher, or if you arent familiar with the test structure. But the biggest drawback is that it is only accepted by a limited number of schools - so taking the Executive Assessment might not fulfill the standardized test score requirements for the school you are applying to. Business Schools That Accept the Executive Assessment The Executive Assessment was first administered in 2016. It is a relatively new exam, so it is not accepted by every business school. Right now, only a handful of  top business schools are using it. However, the GMAC hopes to make the Executive Assessment the norm for EMBA admissions, so it is likely that more and more schools will begin to use the Executive Assessment as time goes by. Before making the decision to take the Executive Assessment instead of the GMAT or GRE, you should check the admissions requirements for your target EMBA program to see what types of test scores are accepted. Some of the  schools that accept Executive Assessment scores from EMBA applicants include: China European International Business School (CEIBS)Columbia Business SchoolDarden School of BusinessIESE Business SchoolINSEADLondon Business SchoolThe University of Chicago Booth School of BusinessThe University of Hong KongUCLA Anderson

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Were in the Pink

Were in the Pink Were in the Pink Were in the Pink By Maeve Maddox Look up the word pink in the Merriam-Webster Online Unabridged Dictionary, and youll find 13 entries for the single word, and 175 two-word entries in which one of the words is pink. An impressive legacy for a word that entered the language in 1573 as the name of a plant and not a color. The plant known as a pink has the Latin name dianthus. About 300 species of dianthus exist. The carnation belongs to this family. No one is quite certain as to how dianthus plants came to be called pinks. Its thought that the name derives from the jagged edges of the flower that look as if theyve been pinked. As a verb, pink has been in English since 1307 with the sense of pierce, stab, make holes in. Its from this verb that pinking shears get their name. pinking shears scissors with a saw-toothed inner edge. Theyre used to cut fabric in order to create a zig zag edge that wont ravel. Although dianthus flowers can be other shades, pink must have been the most familiar to have given us the word we now use to mean pale red. Pink-colored, i.e. colored like a pink, is recorded in 1681. Pink as an adjective of color, meaning pale rose color, is recorded in 1733. NOTE: The practice of adding colored to words that already signifiy a specific color is a solecism that seems to be gaining ground. For example, it makes perfect sense to speak of a Pepto-Bismol-colored house. It is absurd to speak of red-colored area on a map. The area is red. It is a red area. The word pinkie, as in pinkie finger, derives neither from the word for the color, nor from the word meaning to pierce. Apparently it comes from the Dutch diminutive pinkje. Dutch pink means little. Pinkie entered Scots dialect in the early 1800s with the meaning little finger. Scots speakers use pink to mean a small gleam of light, as in the expression the pink of the evening, i.e.,late afternoon, early evening. Another use of pink without the color sense is the term fox hunters use for the red coats some of them wear. These hunting coats, although bright red, are called pinks. One explanation is that the first ones were created by a tailor called Pinque. No evidence exists to support this example of folk etymology. A more believable reason to call the red coats pinks has to do with the expression to be in the pink. Nowadays, to be in the pink, usually means to be in top physical condition, but in Shakespeares time, pink meant something like epitome or pinnacle of perfection. The dianthus was much admired by Queen Elizabeth I and her courtiers. They may have considered it to be the perfect flower, beautiful to look at and delightful to smell. When Mercutio (Romeo and Juliet, 1597), says I am the very pinke of curtesie, he means that he is is not just courteous, but a model of courtesy. Thackeray (1811-1863), uses the expresssion in the very pink of the mode to mean at the very height of fashion. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) called an Italian town hed visited the very pink of hideousness and squalid misery. The appearance of a rider in the signature red hunting coat is very dashing, almost as dazzling as a U.S. Marine in full dress uniform. Its quite possible that such a rider in his scarlet coat was said to be in the pink of fashion and the expression dwindled to the noun pink for such a coat. Here are some other expressions that have evolved from the word pink with its meaning of pale red. pink-eye the common name for an inflammation of the membrane of the inner eyelid. Its extremely contagious. Some animals also suffer from it. The term was first recorded in 1882. pinko a term of political contempt and mistrust applied to persons who hold liberal views regarding government and economics. Red is a color associated with revolution. Presumably pinkos are not quite as extreme as communists, who are often called reds. The term pinko entered the language in 1936, but the the word pink was used as early as 1837 to describe people whose views have a tendency toward red. to see pink elephants to experience delirium tremens (or hallucinate) because of over-consumption of alcohol. Jack London used this expression in a story in 1913. pink slip discharge notice. When the word was coined, employers often informed employees that theyd been terminated by placing a notice written on a pink sheet of paper in their final pay envelope. First recorded use 1915. pink collar blue collar job has long been understood to mean a job requiring work clothes as opposed to a white-collar job performed by office workers. In 1977 someone introduced the expression pink collar to refer to jobs held by women. Understandably and deservedly, it didnt catch on. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:How to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and Tricks1,462 Basic Plot Types

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Social Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Example For example in monotheistic business environment, a business is more likely to be favored in terms of business performance since it can manipulate market forces to its advantage. Share our Strength's faces great competition from competitors and has only succeeded in that, it has continually applied strategic measures in all its important decisions. Share our Strength's performance has been termed as sterling by many business analysts. The chain of businesses has recorded an after taxes profit of above $1 million. By applying concepts like vendor managed inventories as well as just-in-time concept, Share our Strength's has continued to maintain leadership in the wines and foods market in the US Share our Strength's, endeavors to remain a low-cost retailer, and by that it has been very effective in maintaining market attractiveness. By all means, Share our Strength's has achieved low cost retail prices something which has contributed to client faithfulness. This is core in terms of ensuring that, by utilizing this strategy, Share our Strength's is able to save extra costs associated with poor planning. By keeping products and services as low as practically possible, Share our Strength's can afford to lower prices since there are less expenditures. In long term this contributes to industry attractiveness. The other area in which the company has achieved competitive advantage is in terms of adapting information systems. By choosing to be a low cost producer the organization has set out to be a market leader. In terms of incorporating information technology, Share our Strength's has computerized its purchasing systems to incorporate E-purchasing. As purchasing strategy e-purchasing is economical, reliable and cost effective. Compared to a competitor who does not recognize the e-business concept, Share our Strength's has been able to save a lot by embracing e-business as a marketing strategy as well as incorporating ebusiness in its internal and external processes. In the case of Share our strength, competitive advantage is also dependent on how company utilizes and takes advantage of buyer power at its disposal, the threat of substitutes, supplier power, ease of entry as well as the intensity of intra-industry activity and convert all of those factors to its advantage. By integrating IT through out the whole retail chain Share our Strength's ensures that, its partners are free and feel respected and therefore trade is done in an environment of cordial relationships. Share our Strength's principal functions and activities include; purchasing, distribution

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Performance Related Pay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Performance Related Pay - Essay Example A critical look at performance pay however points to the fact that this method utilizes only performance as the determinant factor. It neglects other important determinants of pay such as no knowledge and skills, educational background and orientation, possession of relevant experience and other extraneous factors that play equally important roles in determining the amount of salary. The performance pay system may sometimes lack proper control system therefore giving superiors unwarranted control over the system. The system relies on money as the sole motivator hence it assumes that workers are so interested in monetary gains such that they will increase production as long as they are paid for it. However there exists checks and balances which if put in place will make the implementation process of this system all much easier and acceptable to the employees. Many organizations have turned into the performance pay system as their basis of rewarding, reviewing salaries as well as for job evaluation. Also many organizations have resorted into the performance pay system in order to motivate their employees who achieve outstanding and exemplary results. The pay system just like many others is vulnerable to abuse and misuse. Research has shown that there have been many cases of discrimination and segregation, which happens in organization as a direct result of an employee's gender, colour, race, political orientation as well as religious affiliation. Performance Pay and Unfair Discrimination When discrimination is applied to employees, it contributes to de-motivation and therefore affecting output. Countries have put in place anti discrimination laws to check on arbitrary and unfair discrimination against employees. Discrimination can be in various forms such as, on gender, race, nationality, marital status, ideology, political inclination, disability or religious affiliation. Anti discrimination laws protect employees and ensures that they are treated in respect to terms entered in the contract of employment. Employers should ensure equal pay regardless of individual backgrounds or circumstances. Equal pay is different from identical pay in that the latter depends on other factors such as length of service and age. Discrimination can either be direct, i.e., whereby and employer treats a person less favourably than others on the grounds of sex, marital status or race. Indirect discrimination occurs whereby the effect of a condition of employment is discriminatory. Employers should offer or make adjustments to working conditions in order to ensure that vulnerable groups are not at a disadvantage and thus they can perform or deliver like the rest of the employees. Victimization should be eliminated for it will affect the output of the victim and eventually lead to unfair reward. Management of companies can use the performance pay system as a human resource strategy in order to attract and retain the best employees. There is a significant relationship between pay and performance in order for organization to attract appropriate staff their pay must look relatively attractive. While it is in the interest of most employees to earn the best salaries possible it is worthy noting that the interest of employer and employee significantly differ. For the employer the interest is more on employee performance hence they will not mind paying more in order to getting more

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Consumer behavior Essay Example for Free

Consumer behavior Essay 1. Why would someone shop on the internet ? buy an ipad ? eat at T. G. I. Fridays frequently ? -Because of the fast-paced world that we live in it would be more practical to shop through the internet because of its accessibility. Through online shopping customer can get the product and avail the services they need in just a simple click of button it saves them time and energy. An ipad is a tablet computer developed by Apple. It is smaller than a typical laptop, but significantly larger than the average smartphone. The iPad does not include a keyboard or a trackpad, but instead has a touchscreen interface , which is used to control the device. Due to it’s portability, accessibility, ease of use, and the great applications you can avail with it millions of people around the world are ipad user and hundreds are still planning to get their self one, so they can ride along in the bandwagon and be one with the trend. Having an ipad can also defined one’s social status so, even though it is expensive with it’s benefits and the image it can give to a person we find iPAD’s as a practical thing to buy. T. G. I. Fridays is an American restaurant chain focusing on casual dining. It offers it’s customers good food and an American dining experience though it maybe expensive compared to other restaurant but, it is a great place to relaxed after a hard days work. a) Why would someone else not make those purchases? -Other People find it much more complicated to shop through the internet and prefer the old fashion way of shopping, some find iPad’s expensive and impractical and other people find eating at an expensive restaurant just a waste of time and money and they just prefer to eat home cooked meal. b) How would you choose one outlet, brand and model over the others? If they have a good ambiance and feel of their store, the sales person offers good service and if their product are worthy and reasonable enough for their price. c) Would others make choice the same way ? -I guess not, because other people prefer to go with products with cheaper prices.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

An Analysis of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay

An Analysis of Characters in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice An author will often give his or her work a title that reflects the overall theme or meaning of the piece-this is certainly the case in Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice. A title may set the mood or describe a situation which otherwise might require several paragraphs to develop. Pride and Prejudice is a combination of humor, irony, and twists of events. Austen entitles her work Pride and Prejudice to emphasize subtly the fact that most characters in the work have a certain degree of pride or prejudice. Among the characters who display these traits are Mr. Collins, Mr. Wickham, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Miss Bingley, and, of course, Darcy and Elizabeth. Although Darcy and Elizabeth are the two central characters, and are the ones who are proud and prejudiced respectively, there are several others who are plagued with character flaws. At the opening of the story, Mr. Collins is introduced as the cousin of the Bennets who is coming to Longbourn for a visit. Mr. George Wickham is an officer introduced toward the beginning of the novel. Lady Catherine de Bourgh is the rich influential aunt of Mr. Darcy who tries to sabotage his engagement to Elizabeth. Miss Bingley is the person who thinks ill of the Bennets from their first meeting. These characters all have the problem of being either proud or prejudiced. Elizabeth most aptly describes Mr. Collins when she says he is "conceited, pompous, narrow-minded, [and] silly" (Austen 129). Austen says of Collins: the respect which he [feels] for [Lady Catherine's] high rank, and his veneration for her as his patroness, mingling with a very good opinion of himself, of his authority as a clergyman, and his right... ...orks Cited Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Franklin Center, PA: The Franklin Library, 1980. Joseph, Gerhard. "Prejudice in Jane Austen, Emma Tennant, Charles Dickens-and Us." Studies in English Literature 40.4 (Autumn 2000): 679-694. Online: lt;http://triton.libs.uga.edu/cgi-bin/galileo.cgi> Kliger, Samuel. "Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice in the Eighteenth-Century Mode." Twentieth-Century Interpretations of Pride and Prejudice. Ed. E. Rubinstein. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1969. 54-57. Mansell, Darel. The Novels of Jane Austen: An Interpretation. New York: Harper & Row, 1973. Pinion, F. B. A Jane Austen Companion. London: Macmillan St. Martin's, 1973. Satz, Martha. "An Epistemological Understanding of Pride and Prejudice: Humility and Objectivity." Jane Austen: New Perspectives. Ed. Janet Todd. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1983.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Project Report on Performance Appraisal Essay

It is not constituted by individual sounds but by their accurately measure the performance of its members and use it objectively to optimize them as vital resources. The performance of an employee is his resultant behavior on task which can be bserved and evaluated. It refers to the contribution made by an individual in the accomplishment of organizational objectives. Performance can be measured by combining quantity, quality, time and cost. People do not learn unless they are given feedback on the results of their actions. For learning to take place, feedback should be provided regularly and it should register both successes and failures. It should also follow soon after the relevant action or actions. Performance appraisal system provides management an opportunity to recall as well as give feedback to people. This feedback is pertaining the performance of the worker. This helps them to correct their mistakes and acquire new skills. Performance appraisal (PA) refers to all those procedures that are used to evaluate the personality, the performance and the potential of its group members. Evaluation is different from Judgment. The former is concerned with performance and the latter is concerned with the individual. While evaluation deals with achievement of goals, a Judgment has an undercurrent of personal attack and is likely to evoke resistance. Performance appraisal could be informal or formal. Informal performance appraisal is a continuous process of feeding back information o the subordinates about how well they are doing their work in the organization. The informal appraisal is conducted on a day-today basis. For example, the manager spontaneously mentions that a particular piece of work was well performed or poorly performed. It is due to the close connection between the behavior and the feedback on it, the informal appraisal quickly encourages desirable performance and discourages undesirable performance before it becomes permanently ingrained. Therefore, informal appraisal should not be perceived merely as a casual occurrence but as an important activity and an integral part of the organization’s culture. The formal performance appraisal occurs usually annually on formal basis and involves appraise and appraiser in finding answers to the following questions: 1 . What performance level has to be achieved during the period? 2. Has it been achieved? 3. What has been the shortfall and constraints? 4. What are we going to do now? 5. How will we know that we have done it? 6. What kind of feedback can be expected? 7. What assistance can be expected to improve performance? 8. What rewards and opportunities are likely to follow from the performance appraisal? When the employees have this type of information, they are aware of the following pecifications:- 2. What assistance is available? 3. What can they expect when the required level of performance is achieved? This increases employee acceptance of the appraisal process and results in the trust that the employee has in the organization. An environment that affords an opportunity for further growth while minimizing stressful situations certainly enhances appraisal acceptance. Establishing this type of environment goes far beyond the performance appraisal process. Every aspect of managing people and their work relates to the improvement of their quality of work life. Performance appraisal is an integral part of trusting, healthy and happy work environment that goes a long way in promoting the same. Performance appraisal has been used for the following three purposes: Remedial Maintenance Development A performance appraisal needs to cover all these three purposes with the same focus. If any purpose predominates, the system becomes out of balance. For instance, if remedial purpose is foremost, then the performance appraisal may become a disciplinary tool, a form of a charge sheet and a tool of power instead of instrument of evaluation.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Elc1013 Unit 1

ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Unit 1 Achieving an Academic Writing Style Learning Outcomes By the end of this unit, you should be able to: †¢ †¢ use appropriate language to demonstrate academic style in writing express ideas and views in tentative rather than assertive language where appropriate Introduction This unit is divided into three sections providing reference and practice material on various aspects of academic writing style. Section 1 Features of academic writing style Section 2 Improving the style of your writing Section 3 Hedging in academic writingReferencing note: This unit uses IEEE referencing style for all in-text referencing. Pre-Unit 1 IndiWork Activities Go to eLearn (http://elearn. elc. polyu. edu. hk/) and complete the Pre-Unit 1 IndiWork Activities. IndiWork 1 Academic Style Go to eLearn and complete the What is Academic Style? Activity. Section 1 The features of academic writing style What do you think are the differences between the essays that you wrote at secondary school and the essays that you will need to write at university? Make sure you think about style* when considering these differences. Style often refers to level of formality. For example when writing to a friend you would use an informal style.  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 1 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 1 Reading How do the language choices in this first essay draft below create a non-academic / inappropriate style? Read the passage and identify (highlight / circle) the style problems. Note down your ideas at the end of the passage. Be prepared to share your observations with the rest of the class.How often do PolyU students use English outside the classroom? Because many people think PolyU students don’t use English much outside of class, I wanted to find out the answer to this question so I decided to do a survey. I worked out a questionnaire and then handed it out to lots of students from eight 5 departments. The students filled in the questionnaire and then gave it back to me. I did the survey in April 2011. A total of 707 students took part in the survey, which is a really huge sample. In fact, this is the biggest survey of its kind ever done in Hong Kong which is terrific!And when I got the questionnaires back, I looked closely at the data and put it into a number of figures. Grandparents Parents Domestic helper Social functions Brothers / sisters Situations Private tutors Restaurants / bars PolyU friends Part-time jobs Relatives Non- PolyU friends Overseas holidays 0 0. 5 1 1. 05 1. 32 1. 69 1. 95 1. 95 1. 99 2. 11 2. 12 2. 4 2. 45 2. 55 2. 72 1. 5 Mean 2 2. 5 3 Figure 1: Speaking in English outside university 10 The first area I’d like to look at is speaking in English. Basically, what I wanted to know was how ofte n students speak English outside the classroom.The questionnaire asked the students to say how often they use English when they talk to friends, parents etc. When they filled in the questionnaire, the students had to circle a number from 1 (never) to 6 (very often). If they circled 15 the numbers 1-3, it means that they don’t use English very much. If they circled the numbers 4-6, it means that they use English fairly often. As you can see, I’ve put all the data about speaking in English in Figure 1. Let’s now talk about the data in Figure 1. First and foremost, it’s crystal clear that students don’t have many opportunities to speak English outside the 20 classroom.You can tell this because all the means are under 3. 00. Clearly, PolyU students don’t have any need to speak to parents etc. in English. This is undoubtedly because their family members are Cantonese speakers.  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2 E LC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Obviously, there’s no point in speaking English when everyone can speak C a n t o n e s e . A s yo u c a n s e e , Po l y U s t u d e n t s n e v e r s p e a k t o t h e i r 25 grandparents in English.This is not surprising because, as we all know, old people in Hong Kong can’t speak English. That’s because the education system wasn’t very good in the past. But, you can see that there are a few situations (overseas holidays and so on) where students do get a golden opportunity to use their English, even though this is not really very often. In a 30 nutshell, then, the data in Figure 1 prove that PolyU students don’t speak English much outside the classroom. Note down the style problems you found in the box below. For each problem you identify, write an appropriate solution.Problem (inappropriate language) Solution (appropriate language) 1. 2 . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 3 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Section 2 Improving the style of your writing In this section you will learn how to improve the style of your academic writing. Read through the following twelve subheadings and complete Activities 2 to 7. 1. Avoid informal verbs Use formal (i. e. ingle-word verbs) such as examine rather than phrasal / multi-word verbs such as look at. This report looks at ? [examines] ? the problem of juvenile delinquency. Hong Kong has got over ? [recovered from] ? the latest recession. University-linked companies have not taken off ? [been successful]? in recent years. Activity 2a Formal verbs Fill in the blanks with five of the following formal verbs. Make sure that you put the verbs into the correct form / tense. discover conduct fluctuate establish devi se increase investigate assist reduce discuss ) The team (came up with) _____________________ an imaginative solution to the problem. b) In this essay, I will (talk about) _____________________ the issue of genetic engineering. c) The study was (carried out) _____________________ between May and July 2012. d) A research associate was appointed to (help out) __________________ with the analysis of the data. e) Researchers (found out) __________________that the chiller was the source of the problem. Activity 2b Formal verbs With a partner, write five sentences using the unused formal verbs from Activity 2a. )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ b)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ c)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ d)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ e)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 4 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) 2. Avoid Colloquial expressions Avoid informal or colloquial expressions such as a lot of in your written assignments. ? a lot of research ? a great deal of / a considerable amount of lots of studies ? numerous / a large number of / myriad / a plethora of a really interesting study ? very / extremely / particularly a bit disappointing ? somewhat / rather / fairly it is a must ? essential / necessary / crucial / vital 3. Avoid Cliches Cliches are expressions that have become overused. The expressions below are dull and unoriginal. In addition, the meaning of some cliches, such as ‘in a nut shell’, may not be clear to a global audience as the words and meaning may not be closely related.Avoid using them in your written work. ? ? ? hot topic heated debate last but not least every coin has two sides all in all as we all know first and foremost crystal clear golden opportunity In a nutshell†¦ financial tsunami a double-edged sword 4. Avoid vague, everyday language Avoid common, informal everyday words. Use more precise words instead. Adjectives Pollution has been a big ? [major] ? problem in Hong Kong in the past thirty years. The facilities in the lecture theatre are bad ? [inadequate]?. The students felt she was a good ? [organised / enthusiastic] ? instructor. Verbs Bonny got ? [obtained] ? er degree from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Chan [1] says ? [comments] ? that the English standard of students is improving. Others This issue has raised the attention of everyone ? [the public]. ? There are many things ? [elements] ? to a successful presentation. 5. Be objective As well as being impersonal, academic writing should be as objective as possible. Subjective and strongly emotional language should be avoided. Do not use words such as: fantastic, wonderful, lovely, absolutely, totally, terrific, excellent! Objectivity can also be boosted through hedging techniques (see section 3). English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 5 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 3 Academic style Change the underlined words in the following sentences to improve the style. a) The student did a presentation last week. c) The results of the survey were shockingly bad! e) Freedom of the Internet is a double edged sword. 6. Avoid Repetition Repeating the same words and phrases in your written assessments may make your work appear boring and unsophisticated to the reader.To make your writing more interesting, use appropriate synonyms. For example: findings inquiry ? ? results investigation appear argue ? ? seem contend b) It is a good essay. d) It was a poor presentation. f) The analysts obtained a lot of data. Tip: When using Microsoft Word, if you right click on a word it will give you a list of synonyms that you could use. Note that not all the words will be suitable to use in a particular sentence, so you should ensure that the alternative language choices convey the meaning you intend to express. Academic writing should be easy to follow. 7.Avoid contractions Avoid using contractions such as it’s and they’re in academic writing. won’t ? will not don’t ? do not I’ve ? I have It’s ? [It is] ? widely acknowledged that English plays an important role in Hong Kong’s business sector. 8. Avoid personal references Avoid directly referring to yourself as ‘I’ or ‘we’, or to the reader as ‘you’. Academic writers generally avoid using the personal pronoun ‘I’ because it makes their work seem too subjective. You can see the findings in Table 1. ? I have presented the findings in Table 1. ? As you can see, the findings are in Table 1. We can see the findings in Table 1. ? The findings are presented in Table 1. ? The passive voice is useful for this and achieves a more impersonal, action-focused style appropriate for academic writing.  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 6 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) 9. Avoid informal sentence starters Starting sentences with And, Because, or But is considered poor style in academic writing. Use a more formal alternative instead. For example: And ? In addition, Apart from But ?However, Because ? Due to, This is because 10. Avoid rhetorical questions Avoid using rhetorical questions as they can make your writing appear unsophisticated. In my report, I will answer the following question: What are the causes of stress? ? This report examines the causes of stress. ? Whether exams cause stress is examined in this report. ? The above analysis concludes the first part of my essay regarding the problems of teenage drug abuse. Now, how about the solutions? ? The next part of my essay examines some solutions to teenage drug abuse. ? Activity 4 Academic styleImprove the style of the following sentences. a) Has China been af fected by the financial tsunami? She’d appear to be managing quite nicely. b) And it’s high time we started to think about the wealth gap. c) Some business leaders make some bad business decisions. 11. Avoid ‘Run-on’ expressions Limit the use of ‘run-on’ expressions such as etc. and and so on in academic writing. Use the term such as to inform the reader that not all possible examples are given. Professionals often need to write reports, memos etc. at work. ? Professionals often need to write documents such as reports and memos at work. ? 12.Use positive forms Avoid informal negative forms such as not much and not many. Use the positive (without ‘not’) forms little and few. Not much ? [Little] ? research has been conducted into job stress in universities. Not many ? [Few] ? studies have investigated Hong Kong society in the 19th century.  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 7 ELC1013 English for Unive rsity Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 5 Academic style There are style errors in the sentence below. Identify the error and change the language to improve the style of the sentences.Then match the error to the style issues in the box below. Most sentences have more than one problem. emotional / subjective colloquial expressions vague/everyday cliche contraction / negativity personal reference sentence starter a) The problem of air pollution has become more and more serious in recent years. b) In the past decade, a lot of research has been done into indoor air quality. c) The results let everyone see that the quality of service in Hong Kong restaurants is bad. d) Hong Kong companies value employees who have good communication skills. ) And language policy in secondary schools has been a hot topic for many years. f) We all know that students learn better when they are taught in their mother tongue. g) The students didn’t e ncounter many problems finding good data for their project. h) Ensuring a big sample of subjects for a questionnaire survey is a must. i) j) Researchers got their data by doing telephone interviews. Tong’s [2] interpretation of the data is totally wrong.  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 8 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 6 ReadingThe following essay is a more appropriately written academic essay than the draft analysed in Activity 1. Discuss with a partner the ways in which this passage is more academically appropriate than the earlier Activity 1 version. Students’ use of English outside university (A) This essay investigates the perceived problem of Hong Kong students’ lack of English use outside university. The data reported below were derived from a questionnaire survey of a substantial sample of first-year undergraduates from eight departme nts at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. (B) The survey was conducted between 12 and 23 April 2011.The subjects completed the questionnaire during their English for University Studies classes under the supervision of a research assistant. A total of 1,283 questionnaires were distributed and 707 correctly completed copies were returned and subsequently analysed. The questionnaire required the respondents to indicate the frequency with which they speak, listen, read and write in English outside the formal setting of the English-medium classroom. (C) The first section of the questionnaire asked the subjects to indicate on a six-point scale how often they speak in English in a range of nonacademic situations.On the evidence of the findings presented in Figure 1, it would appear that tertiary students in Hong Kong generally have little need to speak in English outside the classroom. (D) The evidence suggests that undergraduates rarely communicate with their parents or grandparents in English. This finding is perhaps not surprising as census data indicate that the overwhelming majority of people in Hong Kong speak Cantonese [1]. In the intimate family domain, young people understandably have little need or desire to speak English, apart from special circumstances such as preparing for English language examinations. E) The results indicate that the situation in which tertiary students use English least is in interactions with their grandparents. When interpreting this finding, it is worth noting that recent surveys have revealed that English is less widely known among Hong Kong people in their sixties and seventies than among those in the 4060 and 20-40 age groups [2]. This largely stems from the fact that the provision of Englishmedium secondary education was limited in the 1940s and 1950s [3]. The majority of citizens in the 60-70 age group are likely to have received only a Chinese-medium primary education [4]. F) While the data in Figure 1 suggest that tertia ry students tend not to speak English very frequently outside class, there are apparently several situations where spoken English has some degree of importance in the subjects’ lives. As might be expected, the situation where the subjects need to speak the language most is on overseas holidays. As Cantonese is not widely spoken outside China, it is perhaps understandable that students need to communicate in English on trips to Europe, North America and other parts of Asia. (G) As noted above, students rarely talk to their immediate family members in English.However, it is interesting that some of the subjects apparently have some need to communicate with their relatives in English. One possible factor behind the use of English in this situation is that their relatives live in an Englishspeaking country. In the case of younger relatives (e. g. cousins), it is possible that they have no knowledge of Cantonese, while older relatives (e. g. uncles, aunts) may feel more comfortabl e using their adopted language.  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 9 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 7Improving academic style Use the academic writing advice above to complete the following exercises. 1. Skim through the Activity 6 essay and find formal verbs with similar meanings to the following informal phrasal verbs. The paragraph is given in brackets to help you. filled in (B) handed out (B) ____________________ ____________________ looks into (A) ____________________ found out (E) ____________________ 2. Find words in the Activity 6 passage which have similar meanings to the following vague, everyday words: done (B) ____________________ later (B) ____________________ big (A) ____________________ got (A) ____________________ . To avoid repeating the words students and findings, the writer uses a number of synonyms. List the synonyms used. students: findings: _ __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. How does the writer avoid using informal negative forms? Underline one example in the passage in Paragraph D. 5. The draft that you read in Activity 1 included the following inappropriate sentences: This is not surprising because, as we all know, old people in Hong Kong can’t speak English.That’s because the education system wasn’t very good in the past. How does the writer revise this part of the report? ‘Li Wei falls to Hong Kong’ reproduced with kind permission of Li Wei  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 10 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 8 Writing This activity gives you the chance to apply the features of academic writing style covered so far. By being able to write in an appropriate academi c style, you will be more able to successfully complete assignments at university.Situation For a course that you have been doing at university, you have been researching whether the consumption of organic produce can affect the health of a population. You are also interested in whether a subject’s positive opinion of their well being* has an effect on their general level of health. The area that you are investigating for an assignment is whether Hong Kong subjects also feel better about themselves after consuming organic produce. In Table 1 below, the results of two surveys are presented.First, a large scale survey was conducted by Wallace and Welbeck [1] among 4619 students in the UK about consumption of organic produce and self health ratings. The questions were adapted by your group to survey 89 students in the Polytechnic University. In the survey, subjects were asked to say whether they felt the following illnesses would increase or decrease on a scale from 0 (increase a great deal) to 3 (no effect) to 6 (decrease a great deal) after the consumption of organic produce. XuanXuan 13’ reproduced with kind permission of Li Wei *Note: â€Å"well being† describes the state of feeling healthy and happyIn pairs, discuss the data in Table 1. How would you explain the findings? When you have completed your discussion, write a short text of 3 or 4 paragraphs in which you describe and discuss the data. Table 1: Reduction and increase of illnesses after consumption of organic produce Features Headaches Colds Coughs Aches and pains Skin complaints UK students 4. 9 3. 1 2. 2 4. 5 3. 4 Polytechnic University students 5. 5 4. 1 5. 4 3. 2 4. 5 Source: Figures for UK students from Wallace and Welbeck [1]  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 11 ELC1013 English for University StudiesUnit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Section 3 Hedging in academic writing One of the main problems in the Act ivity 1 text is the writer’s use of assertive (overly strong or sure) language when discussing the data. Examples of assertive language are highlighted below. Let’s now talk about the data in Figure 1. First and foremost, it’s crystal clear that students don’t have many opportunities to speak English outside the classroom. You can tell this because all the means are under 3. 00. Clearly, PolyU students don’t have any need to speak to parents, etc. n English. This is undoubtedly because their family members are Cantonese speakers. Obviously, there’s no point in speaking English when everyone can speak Cantonese. As you can see, PolyU students never speak to their grandparents in English. This is not surprising because, as we all know, old people in Hong Kong can’t speak English. That’s because the education system wasn’t very good in the past. You can see, though, that there are a few situations (overseas holidays and so on) where students do get a golden opportunity to use their English, even though this is not really very often.In a nutshell, then, the data in Figure 1 prove that PolyU students don’t speak English much outside the classroom. Expressing opinions or making claims in overly strong language leaves you open to attack by critical readers. Such statements will often be doubted by readers thereby reducing your power and authority as a writer. A reader who does not believe a writer will rarely read on. To avoid such a situation, when stating ideas or discussing data you should use tentative rather than assertive language. You should avoid expressions such as: clearly ndoubtedly obviously definitely without a doubt there is no doubt that certainly absolutely Be very careful about using words like always (very common in Chinese), never, every and all because these suggest absolute certainty, which is inappropriate, and often incorrect, in many situations. Compare the following sentenc es: 1. The Hong Kong economy will grow next year. (Too strong! The writer is open to criticism if the Hong Kong economy does not grow next year) 2. The Hong Kong economy might grow next year. (Ok. The writer is hedging by using the modal verb ‘might’) 3.Some economists believe the Hong Kong economy will grow next year. (Ok. The doubt is transferred to a third party (economists). This means that the readers' confidence in you is not reduced) Techniques used in the sentences two and three above are known as hedging.  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 12 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Hedging Techniques Activity 6 illustrated a number of hedging techniques. These are summarised below: 1.Use hedging verbs The following ‘hedging’ verbs are often used in academic writing: suggest indicate estimate imply The results indicate that the situation in which te rtiary students use English least is in interactions with their grandparents. The verbs appear and seem are used to ‘distance’ the writer from the findings (and therefore avoid making a strong claim and be subject to criticism from readers). On the evidence of the findings presented in Figure 1, it would appear that tertiary students in Hong Kong generally have little need to speak in English outside the classroom.Note that the writer also ‘protects’ himself / herself by using the phrase on the evidence of. The following expressions are used in a similar way: according to, on the basis of, based on. 2. Use modal verbs Another way of appearing ‘confidently uncertain’ is to use modal verbs such as may, might and could. In the case of younger relatives, it is possible that they have no knowledge of Cantonese, while older relatives may feel more comfortable using their adopted language. 3. Use adverbs The following adverbs are often used when a wri ter wishes to express caution. robably apparently possibly seemingly perhaps presumably arguably conceivably This finding is perhaps not surprising as census data indicate that the overwhelming majority of people in Hong Kong speak Cantonese [1]. 4. Use adjectives Another technique is to use an adjective. probable possible arguable unlikely likely One possible factor behind the use of English in this situation is that their relatives live in an English-speaking country.  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 13 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) 5.Use nouns The following nouns are often used to hedge:: probability possibility evidence likelihood indication The evidence suggests that undergraduates rarely communicate with their parents or grandparents in English. 6. Softening generalisations There are several ways in which you can soften and hedge a generalisation. (i) Use the verb tend or the noun (have / be a) tendency (to). While the data in Figure 1 suggest that tertiary students tend not to speak English very frequently outside class, there are apparently several situations where spoken English has some degree of importance in the subjects’ lives. ii) Use an adverb such as: generally predominantly largely mainly primarily usually for the most part to a great extent This largely stems from the fact that the provision of English-medium secondary education was limited in the 1940s and 1950s [3]. (iii) Use a hedging expression such as most or the majority of. The majority of citizens in the 60-70 age group are likely to have received only a Chinesemedium primary education [4]. (iv) Identify exceptions by using expressions such as except for or with the exception of.In the intimate family domain, young people understandably have little need or desire to speak English, except for special circumstances such as preparing for English language examinations. 7. Avoid negative words You should also avoid direct, negative words such as lies, cheat, false, rubbish, cheap, useless and worst. Try to use cautious, indirect language when expressing negative ideas. Without a doubt, the worst aspect of Dr Wong’s teaching is the lack of feedback. ? Giving feedback is perhaps the least successful aspect of Dr Wong’s teaching.?The president told lies to the media during his rubbish handling of the crisis. ? The president may have misled the media during the less than satisfactory handling of the crisis. ?  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 14 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 9 Hedging Choose the most appropriate option below. a) Everybody knows / It is generally accepted that all / the majority of English people always / often fail to learn any language other than their own. ) Perhaps / clearly the world will / is like ly to face major / total environmental destruction in the next fifty years. c) Without a doubt / It is widely believed that assertive writing is never / unlikely to be positively regarded by most / all readers. Activities 10a and 10b gives you an opportunity to practise the hedging techniques outlined in Section 3. By being able to use hedging techniques while writing in an appropriate academic style, you will more be able to successfully complete assignments at university. Activity 10a WritingIn 2011, the English Language Centre of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University surveyed 978 Form 7 school leavers about their preferences when studying in higher education. A summary of the results is presented below. Table 1: First Choice of University Hong Kong University The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong University of Science and Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Baptist University The Open University of Hong Kong Lingnan Univer sity Hong Kong Shue Yan University 21% 17% 15% 14% 11% 11% 8% 7% 4% A pause for humanity 3’ reproduced with kind permission of Li Wei Read what the writer said about the reason why Hong Kong University and Chinese University were the most favoured. Note the underlined language. The survey results indicate that the preferred universities were Hong Kong University and Chinese University. A probable reason for this is their long history, and the preference of employers for employees who graduate from these institutions. Write two or three paragraphs giving possible reasons for the ranking of the other universities. Use the hedging techniques from Section 3. English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 15 ELC1013 English for University Studies Unit 1 – Achieving an Academic Writing Style (IEEE / Vancouver) Activity 10b Writing The school leavers were asked a similar question regarding their first choice of course when applying for University. Examine Table 2 below giving the results, and write two more paragraphs providing some possible explanations. Table 2: First choice of course when applying for University Engineering Law Nursing and Health Sciences Design Business Computing Textiles Construction Logistics Others 15% 4% 8% 12% 20% 15% 4% 7% 16% 5%Further Learning Materials Besides IndiWork, you are also strongly encouraged to complete the Further Learning Materials found at the end of each unit. By doing so, so will be able to perform better in this subject’s assessments. Go to eLearn (http://elearn. elc. polyu. edu. hk/) to complete the following activities. 1. Unit 1 Review of learning 2. Unit 1 Further Learning Materials  © English Language Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 16

Thursday, November 7, 2019

The Color Purple essays

The Color Purple essays Celie and Nettie both went through hard times although there was an array of differences between the two. They both came out stronger and more aware of the oppression that women of that generation had to face. They were Eventually able to break away from the vicious cycle of man dominating over woman and keeping her below himself and insinuating that they were the Weaker sex. Celie and Nettie both were embarked on a spiritual journey, but both were so different in multiple ways. Celie's journey was filled with constant pain, suffering, loss, anger, and oppression. Nettie also had a hard life, too, but hers was made much easier because of Celie. She kept Nettie out of harms way ...for example, on page eight, Celie begins her journal entry by writing, I ast him to take me instead of Netter while our new mammy was sick...I duck into my room and come out wearing horsehair, feathers, and a pair of our new mammy high heel shoes...he beat me for dressing trampy but do it to me anyway. Both there journeys helped them find their gender in a different light, and also find there own strength away from men. Celias journey began when she was very young. Her father raped her constantly when her mother couldnt have sex with him (she was sick from having to many children and was crazy before that) and Celie became pregnant twice (one when her mother was still alive and one after her mothers death) Both times he got rid of the babes that Celie had. After a few years (and when he got tried of Celie) he got sold off to an abusive man with little hellants for children. She barely had any joy in her life other than from seeing Nettie. She was only being beaten, neglected, and billeted. Nettie on the other hand, she never was raped by their father, didnt have to marry Mr._______ like he originally requested. She was spared by burden by Celie. She e ...