Health care in America Essay

Healthcare in America is seemingly, chronically an issue of finances. Whether or not the hospital has it or the family of an ill patient has it, it becomes prudent to note that without the country’s currency rubbing the right palms, healthcare becomes an issue, especially for the financially strapped family. Lack of finance equals care-giver burden. Purpose of the Analysis In the following pages care-giver burden will be addressed using five peer-reviewed articles. The articles are in design stressing the issue of guilt and depression when a family decides they don’t have the time or the money to keep a loved one at home and must face putting them in a care facility (Sanders article Shouldering the Burden of Care). Other articles address the issue of keeping a family member at home (child) and the upkeep cost that entails such as home health aid cost, medications, or leaving a job (Wilson, Leslie S. et al. The Economic Burden of Home Care for Children with HIV and Other Chronic Illnesses). Also, the review of patient care for nurses and the burden of lack of authority in administration this presents is another form of care-giver burden (Welchman, Jennifer & Glenn G. Griener, Patient Advocacy and Professional Associations: Individual and Collective Responsibilities). There is also the gender role burden between husband and wife when one is sick and has to be taken care of and the other one lives a full active lifestyle and the issue here is burden of responsibility (King, K. M. & PM Koop, The Influence of the Cardiac Surgery Patient’s Sex and Age on Care-Giving). There are many facets to unravel in the primary care system but for this paper, care-giver burden is the primary concept in terms of money, guilt and love. Antecedents Most care-giving authority is given to nurses; both in a hospital setting and during stay at home cases. The preceding concept or the patient is its important to have a strong trusting relationship with the care-giver in order for them to feel more comfortable and also feel their issues and concerns are being heard. If the patient does not feel comfortable then the care-giver burden becomes apparent in scowling-unreceptive-to-therapy patients. However, in Welchman and Griener’s article, Patient Advocacy and Professional Associations, a rising concern over nurses’ burden when taking care of patients begins to be seen, â€Å"†¦nurses are being taught to be patient advocates and both nurses and patients are the worse for it. The nursing profession’s redefinition of the nurse’s role from loyal handmaid to patient advocate in the 1980s was supposed to protect patients by empowering nurses to think and act autonomously in their dealings with other health professionals. Individual nurses have been burdened with a responsibility that most professions assign†¦to their professional associations. It is not a responsibility that individuals can readily fulfill. Unless or until the duty of advocacy is taken off the shoulders of individual nurses and returned to the professional bodies that represent them, nurses and patients will continue to suffer unnecessarily†(2005). The nurses role in patient care involves everything a patient needs or may potentially need (feeding, bathing, bathroom visits, company) and each of these duties cannot be accomplished without proper support from family/administration, and without this support and the lack of performance in a nurse’s duty a patient will lapse in trust. This is the contention in the make-up of care-giver burden; nurses cannot fulfill their role to maximum potential without the backing of the hospital rules. In the area of patient care and the burden of care giving an interesting side note that should be considered is in the study done by King and Koop which involves a closer look at patient care with the influencing variables of sex and/or age. In their study they revealed that female patients relied on their spouse less than the male counterpart. Also, female care-givers were more often employed outside the home than male care-givers giving rise to a staggering believe of job importance and detachment for men in home care situations. As mentioned in the opening statement, the pivotal issue of care-giver burden is that of money. If a household is not sufficiently funded then the burden of caring for loved-ones either by oneself or with the assistance of an aid, the stress and strain is very detrimental. In Wilson et al. ’s study of patient care for ill and HIV children the stats for financing reflects a tremendous burden, â€Å".. in-home care for ill children (ranging from approximately $19,000 to $36000) is higher than that of hiring caregivers for healthy children (approximately $10,000)† (2005). This burden is further emphasized for the family if they are not equipped to pay a professional care-giver and are dependent upon themselves for such care; this issue raises the other issues of job attendance (some families pass up promotions, decline extra working hours, or quit their jobs entirely in order to care for the ill which makes the financial burden that much more potent). Further in Wilson et al. ’s study they reveal the numbers involved in American care-giver homes, â€Å"It is estimated that 10% to 18% of US children (6 to 10. 8 million children) are chronically ill. According to our cost estimates, the total value of care ranges from $155 to $279 billion per year†(2005). This number is daunting and almost in realms of infinite thought with regards to cost analysis. Consquences The burden is twofold for the nurse and the patient. As Welchman and Griener state in a final cul-de-sac, â€Å"Advocacy for improvements in access to and deliver of health care is best viewed as a collective responsibility of health professions owed to society as a whole, not as the sole province of individual practitioners†(2005). In the case of gender roles playing out in the care-giver burden the consequence is this: dependence is a potential burden to the spouse whose in need of not only assistance in daily routines (bathing, eating, etc) but in companionship. The findings of King and Koop suggest that a patient’s gender has relevance to the availability of home-based care (King & Koop, 1999). The potential cost of in home health care is a care-giver burden as well as a patient burden. The weight stressed here is not one that is easily remedied. When put into perspective the cost is much more than money but also wavers on emotional stress to the care-giver and patient when the care-giver’s stresses are known to the patient. Such stresses as highlighted above are job attendance, quitting a job, and the issue of time spent with a patient as opposed to time spent with other members of a family. As Sanders states in Shouldering the Burden of Care, in which one family is analyzed, â€Å"Faced with her mother’s inevitable decline, she wonders whether she should continue to care for her in her home. But the more important question is, can she? † (2005). Defining Attributes This is the main point of care-giver burden: when faced with a choice of sending the patient to a nursing home, or institute where they can possibly be better attended to, should the family send the patient/family member away, or should they endure? The potential for this question to raise a respite for patient care or to give into the burden of home-health care is pertinent in its prospective view of burden. The relationship between care-giver burden and money is inseparable. The high-cost measurement presented in the Wilson study harkens to the reality of facts and numbers involving patients and their estimated cost of care per year in this country, and when a job is lost or sacrificed for the benefit of the patient the new stress becomes where will the money come from for the upkeep of home health care? Empirical Referents In the area of money, and of authority it is to nurses who are the advocates of the patient in the hospital that studies should be turning. If they are allowed to be sufficient leaders then the trust between them and patient is strong. In an at home environment the dangers of lack of funds arise and the emotional stress on family members and spending time with each other (either children, wife, or husband) and the noncompliance from other family members in putting the patient/loved-one in a home can be daunting. The care-giver burden here is clear. When a family member who isn’t equipped physically or professionally to take care of the ill, then an alternative way must be found and is found with nurses, and the high cost of in-home care. Relationship The defining features of care-giver burden, that of cost, and guilt bears a close relationship to euthanasia. In both cases the issue of money, guilt and pain arise and are handled usually with the confidence of a nurse. A nurse aids a family in decision making for both in-home care or euthanasia. In the relationship between the two concepts it is the burden of the patient on the family emotionally and financially that a decision is made: to either keep them at home or send them away, to either keep them on a ventilator or pull the plug.

Employment and Line Management Essay

†¢1.1 Communication is a vital thing in the workshop, it is very important so that jobs are done productively and correctly. If the communication in the workshop was poor mistakes would Begin to take place and accidents could occur. †¢1.2 The different methods of communication to the line management and colleagues are by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone and even letters. In busy circumstances its best to use the telephone as its time efficient instead of wondering around searching for people. †¢1.3 The different methods of communication to my and colleagues are by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone, letters and even hand signals. These are all helpful in different circumstances such as when its extremely noisy in the workshop and a person is on the other side of the workshop, hand signals would be best in that situation. †¢2.1 To plan my sequence of work from the relevant information I am given I find out what materials I require, what tools I need to assist me through the job and what PPE I need to protect me from the dangers. †¢2.2 When starting a new job I firstly look for any mistakes in the drawing, once I am satisfied I then carry on by finding out what materials I require to complete the job and then finally retrieve all of my tools that I need to assist me through the work process until I complete the job. †¢2.3 Work is carried out to the workshop using job plans, risk assessments and all other procedures. The resources that I use are job sheets, shop plans, time sheets and drawings. To reduce carbon emissions, there is an extraction system installed into the workshop. †¢2.4 The way our workshop contributes to a low carbon emission environment is that we have extraction systems built throughout the workshop to keep the emission levels at a low level. †¢3.1 The required relevant documentation that I provide is my time sheet. It shows the amount of hours I have spent on a job so that the consultants can then get a price to give to the customers. †¢3.2 I maintain my drawings and time sheets by keeping them in a locked draw. Time sheets are required to be filled in and complete every week and has to be submitted on a Monday morning before 8:00am. †¢3.3 If I do not ensure that my time sheets are not handed in on time, I will not get paid at the end of the week. With my job sheets, if it’s not complete within the given hours the customer has to pay more as the labour cost raises. †¢4.1 I am very able to work productively to the agreed specification and inline with the line management, colleagues and relevant people involved by finding out if they are pleased with the work produced and the quality. †¢4.2 I find that everyone is equal and that no one should be treated different. People tend to treat apprentices with less respect than others as they are not qualified and think they are not capable. Apprentice or not, people should not be treated different. †¢4.3 To maintain a good working relationship in my place of work I do the work that is asked of me and in the required time and in a good quality. With individuals I get on with them by being polite and cleaning after myself. †¢4.4 I think it’s good to keep a good working relation ship with the line management and colleagues as it doesn’t make it a challenge to talk to them or ask them for any information that is required. †¢4.5 Getting on with the line management and other working colleagues is important because it can make your time there difficult and non bearable. It also doesn’t make it a challenge when needing to ask for information or a specification. †¢4.6 When working with others you must never treat them any different than you would like to be treated. You should never talk down to people or think of them as lower than you.

Review of Monique and the Mango Rains

Review of Monique and the Mango Rains Monique and the Mango Rains is a memoir about a friendship that develops between Kris Holloway, and a midwife in the village of Nampossela, Mali. Kris Holloway served in the Peace Corps and was assigned for 2 years to be stationed in Mali. Kris was trained to â€Å"give health demonstrations, repair wells, build fuel-conserving stoves, plant trees, and protect the shoots from the ever hungry mouths of goats† (11). Kris meets and assists Monique Dembele in her struggle to improve health care for the women of this village and surrounding areas.Monique, having apprenticed for two years as a midwife, and studied for nine months in a health services program, is the only health worker in the village. She performs prenatal consultations, gives health demonstrations, births babies, administers vaccinations, solves the health problems she can treat and is forced to accept the fate of those who suffer from more serious illnesses and have no access t o further medical care. But not only is Kris helping Monique, they develop a relationship that becomes a very real friendship as their lives intertwine and Monique brings Kris into the circle of her family.Despite all the things that might make it difficult, these two women create a partnership as they both try to better the lives of the women and children in the village. Women of Mali In Mali, the women’s role is to be confined to her home and yard. A Malian woman is first and foremost valued in her roles of spouse and mother. Placement into these family roles starts early; young girls are expected to help with housework and look after younger siblings. The women of Mali have arranged marriages from an early age.And even though they are arranged, the husbands are usually married to other women also. Irreconcilable differences like lack of communication, spousal incompatibility, and unhappiness between marriage partners are some of the things Monique complains about. She has more education than her husband Franois, she speaks a different language than he, and came from a much different city than the one he grew up in. As Kris gets to know Monique better, she learns of her friend's deep unhappiness with her marriage.Monique also reveals that she's having an affair with the man she would have married, had the cultural practice of arranged marriage not existed. The village of Nampossela has a clinic and birthing house. Monique was able to help the mother’s in the prenatal stages and the birthing process, teach them how to clean water, make baby food and wash their hands to stay clean and prevent the spreading of germs. She weighted the babies to show the mothers if their children were in a healthy weight range or if they were in the dangers of being malnourished.She could provide some vaccinations and administer first aid to wounds. Women of Mali faced many health risks. Since women were to have many children they were at danger during childbirth. à ¢â‚¬Å"I knew that Mali had one of the highest rates of maternal death in the world. I’d read a sobering statistic that placed a Malian women’s lifetime risk of dying in pregnancy and childbirth around one in twelve, compared to a women’s risk of one in over three thousand† (8). Excessive bleeding, straining after pregnancies, unsanitary conditions are some of the risks for women.Female genital cutting (FGC), was common amongst the women in Mali. At a young age they experience the cutting of their genital area, because they are not to experience pleasure during intercourse. This process is painful. It causes problems with childbirth, urinating, sitting comfortably and even death. It is often used with an instrument that is not sanitized and can cause the spread of diseases. The most troubling threat to the women was spousal abuse. â€Å"The lantern light was dim, but I could see that one side was swollen, her eye half closed with puffy tissue.She met my st are, lowered her gaze, and quickly draped the scarf back over† (51). The practice of arranged marriage usually led to close-knit families in Nampossela, but Korotun's defiance by marrying against her family's wishes left her stranded without any relatives to turn to in her time of need. Another danger to women that existed was rape. â€Å"He forced you? Yes, she shrugged. It was painful and then it was over† (130). Holloway finds it difficult to tell her friend of her own similar memory.Despite the difference in the ways these two address this subject of rape, it is heartbreaking that women from two completely different worlds are able to find a common ground in the act of rape. All of these risks to the women of Mali happen to the women in America as well. And shows that even from two different worlds, it seems things are not so different. Cultural Relativism No culture is superior or inferior to any other. Kris had to accept the differences about Mali without judging them or believing that her culture was the right way things should be done.Kris knew it was wrong and against women’s basic human rights to have their genital’s cut. Monique couldn’t believe that Kris hadn’t had her genitals cut. â€Å"I have never met a women like you, who has not gone through koloboli. I thought every woman had it† (114). She did not think it was right that the women of Mali were victims of domestic violence, physical violence or of rape. She felt that all children should be receiving adequate health care and that women should have the right to take contraceptives to not want to have anymore children. But this was apart of their culture.And it was up to them to change these problems. And that was what Monique wanted and was trying to do. Conclusion I really like this book. It is a personal story in an international setting about women who inspire and succeed. Kris Holloway's book is easy to read and has a perfect blend of her ref lections of her Peace Corps experience, her romance, Malian village life, Monique's individual life, and the care of women in the village of Nampossela. This book has funny moments that made me laugh, moments where I felt sorrow, and stories of the goodness in people that made me hopeful for humanity.Holloway's friendship with Monique is at the heart of this book and it is tender, inspirational, educational and heartbreaking. It is because of the relationship of these two women, who are from very different backgrounds, and have become such good friends that this book works. I feel like I get to see Monique through Holloway's book and can see how selfless, giving, strong, smart, and funny she was. I would recommend this book for anyone who is wanting to know about the culture in different parts of the world.

Conducting Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conducting Business Research - Essay Example r sample size results in a higher confidence interval; this explains the degree to which the research findings are precise and reliable (Zickmund & Babin, 2007). Lastly, the researcher has to consider the confidence level in the research findings. In most cases, researchers do prefer a higher sample group to achieve a 95 percent confidence level, though the decision is usually based on convention and may not be an important parameter. Determining the sample size is, in most cases, a tricky step in the research process. After considering the above factors, which are the heterogeneity of the population in the study, has to be done, the magnitude error and the confidence level, a researcher can then decide on the right sample size. Therefore, to determine the best sample size, the researcher has to have facts about the homogeneity of the community before the research and then decide on the magnitude error allowable in the research. If the research is convinced that the population is homogeneous and the research needs a low error magnitude, the researcher has to use a much lower sample size when in a heterogeneous population. Determination requires proper investigation about the area in which the researcher has to undertake the business

The European Union is very much in the news today, especially with the Research Paper

The European Union is very much in the news today, especially with the potential of the Euro to collapse. But as you now know fr - Research Paper Example Similarly, the European Union economic growth provides countries with a crucial framework for competing efficiently on the world market and containing the effects of the EU economic crisis. This discussion seeks to establish the role of economic growth in the overall European projects. Discussion The original objective of the European project was to enhance the overall economic productivity of the European countries as fragile, minority nations had changed to be increasingly competitive. Similarly, the launching of the common currency (euro) was a fundamental move in the unification of European nations, (Cline and Guntram 52). Similarly, it has been a key achievement in that about 330 million European Union populations utilize it as their currency and benefit from its advantages. Unfortunately, with the current potential of Euro collapse the economic and financial stability of the European Union is at stake. Experts agree that the European project was not created on the notion of res tricted economic growth. The guiding principle was to, at the end, gain unity by integrating various facets of EU life together to combat conflict and ensure socioeconomic growth. Unfortunately, with the current condition, it is impossible to assume how appears to dwarf all other EU concerns. Therefore, it is clear that economic growth has an influential function to play in the prosperity and success of the overall European project. The European-broad free economic struggle should be offset by the wider unification of Europe. The economic growth has crucial tangible advantages for citizens of Europe, for instance, when European countries fall victim of global challenges such as, floods and related natural calamities, they get financial help from the European Union economic budget. Similarly, the structural Funds, controlled by the EU commission, motivate and supplement the European Union regional and national powers efforts to reduce economic disparities between diverse regions of E urope. Financial resources (funds) European Union budget and loans from banks (European Investment Banks) are utilized to expand the transport infrastructure in Europe (for instance, to expand the motorways networks and promote high-speed railways), therefore, facilitating an extensive access to remote areas and promoting trans-Europe transactions. The economic success of the European Union will be determined, partly, by the capacity of a crucial market of about less than one billion customers to advantage various businesses and citizens. Economic stability of EU project is crucial because it promotes economic development that results to prosperity and creation of job opportunities, and is a profound goal enshrined in the economic and monetary management of the European Union, as well as the Euro. For instance, under that Monetary and Economic union, the European countries closely organize their domestic policies with the main aim of sustaining economic growth. Similarly, the EU cen tral bank coordinated a unique monetary policy aimed at contained reduced inflations in the euro zone, (Woolcock 75). Low inflation and a firm economy help in creating a crucial atmosphere for sustainable future growth that is beneficial to the members of European unions and their populations. Strong economic basis helps the monetary and economic unions of the European Union to maintain their administration, and insufficiencies under certain limits based on the Stability

Effective communication Case study Analysis Essay

Effective communication Case study Analysis - Essay Example Some convenience stores like Sheetz with more than 250 stores had to withdraw more that sixteen Diet Pepsi bottles from their shelves following a case in West Virginia where a man found a syringe in his drink. Convenience stores and grocers from Oklahoma to Iowa also closed down. The third public was the employees of the company to whom the communication impacted very negatively, they were thought to be the one involved in the syringes scandal, lastly there was local Pepsi - cola bottlers as the last public. They were believed to be the one behind the needles and syringes found in the Pepsi cola cans. The used communication impacted negatively to all the four publics a better way of doing it was for the first compliant to contact the company's management instead of reporting to a lawyer who made it aired in twenty four states. The company applied good methods in managing communication between them and the publics so as to manage, build and sustain a good image. To win back customers loyalty the company incorporated Alpac (the local bottler) in its investigation jointly with food and drinks administration and local head officials the investigation cleared Alpac. The media was allowed to visit the plant owner with the quality assurance manager and the plant owner being made available for them. The coordinator of crisis organized a group of six specialists in media relationship to provide devel

Rule of Law within the United Kingdom Constitution Research Paper

Rule of Law within the United Kingdom Constitution - Research Paper Example Dicey posited the following propositions. Firstly, no man could be punished or lawfully interfered with by the authorities except for breaches of the law. In other words, all government actions must be authorized by law. Secondly, no man is above the law and everyone, regardless of rank, is subject to the ordinary laws of the land. Thirdly, there is no need for a bill of rights because the general principle of the constitution is the result of judicial decisions determining the rights of the private person. Criticized by many for the undue haste in its passage, with concerns of political pressure being raised, the law in its original form contained passages that human rights groups deemed to be violative of established human rights principles. Amidst the outrage surrounding the 911 attacks, the Anti-Terror Law was heralded as a measure to combat the worldwide phenomenon of terrorism and to arrest its spread and development. Legal scholars and free speech advocates, however, unite in condemning the law for trampling constitutionally-protected liberties. There is also the possibility that the law might give rise to or at least encourage racial profiling, particularly the provisions on the prescription of terrorist organizations. It might further alienate minority groups and exacerbate the political violence by radicalizing "moderate" groups.Human rights advocates scored a victory when the Law Lords ruled that a provision in the Law allowing the indefinite detention of foreign terrorist s uspects was contrary to human rights principles. Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead, in his ruling, said: "Indefinite imprisonment without charge or trial is anathema in any country which observes the rule of law." This decision was reached when nine detainees lodged their appeal before the Court. However, concerns on free speech and freedom of association still remain.Notwithstanding these concerns, valid though that they may be, this paper will argue that the rule of law is still very much flourishing in the United Kingdom.  

Why Should We Forgive Others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Should We Forgive Others - Essay Example In Christianity which is a western religion, teaching about forgiveness takes a very central role in the spiritual life of the Christian adherent. The teaching is that, if we expect God to forgive us, we must in turn forgive our fellow man when they wrong us. This is best expressed in what is known as the Lord’s Prayer in Mathew 6:9-13 where the Christian petitions God to forgive him just as they forgive others. This is as a precondition that if we expect God to forgive us, we have a part to play in forgiving others as it is narrated in Mathew 6:15. We also find the example of a Christian who practiced forgiveness during the stoning of Stephen in Acts 7:60 where Stephen prayed and said ‘lay not this sin to their charge’, words almost similar to the ones uttered by Jesus Christ at His crucifixion, ‘forgive them for they know not what they do’, speaking about His crucifiers, yet He had committed no sin, Luke 23:34. This shows that a Christian who forgiv es is following the example of the author of Christianity, Jesus Christ. The Bible also teaches about turning your other cheek and giving your coat as well to someone who takes your cloak as it continues to express the virtue of forgiveness, Luke 6: 27-31. The Bible also talks about God’s demonstration of love in that Jesus Christ died for the sins of the world while man was still a sinner (Bash, 2007).

A summative assignment based on the use a self analysis tool as a Essay

A summative assignment based on the use a self analysis tool as a Clinical Manager of an Acute Medical Ward - Essay Example Jung, its first publishing was done in 1921. The initial questionnaire that developed in into the MBTI Indicator was published 1962. The MBTI mainly focuses normal populations and emphasizes on naturally occurring differences that exist ( Capraro, 2002 p. 590). Origins of the theory Jung's theory publishing was done in 1921 and it was not tested or verified under the controlled studies scientifically but it included clinical observation and introspection as well as anecdote method which are inconclusive in the modern psychology which argue that for the theory to be published it must be studied scientifically. Validity of the theory The statistical validity of this theory and use of psychometric instrument (MBTI) has found criticism in many aspects. It has been argued that there lack critical scrutiny since most of the published material on this MBTI tool was for conferences. About a third or half have been estimated that material used were for the conferences or journals which were e dited by its advocates (Capraro, 2002, p.595). Researchers expected bimodal distribution on the peaks almost at the end of the scales but these scores on subscales individually were centrally peaked distributed which was the same as the normal distribution. At the center to subscale a cutoff existed in away that the one score is classified one type while the other as an opposite type. This does not support the concept of type. Reliability of the theory Interpreted reliability from the studies has indicated the test is low. Researchers found that thirty nine percent and seventy six per cent of the test is different types. CONCEPTS As the Manual states this indicator is designed for implementing a hypothesis or a theory. Therefore the hypothesis should be comprehended so as to understand the Myers Briggs Type Indicator. Theory of psychological type is fundamental to the Myers Briggs Type Indicator as originally it was developed by Jung. He proposed an existence of two cognitive functi oning dichotomous pairs: these are judging (rational) which has functions of feeling as well as thinking and perceiving (irrational) which has functions of intuition and sensing. These functions are in introverted form or extraverted form in expression. From this concept of Jung others such as Briggs and Myers came up with their own theory for psychological type and this became the base of MBTI (Capraro, 2002, p. 598). Jung's typological model regards left handedness or right handedness as similar to psychological type. This means that individuals may be born with or may develop a certain way of thinking and acting depending on preference. MBTI is on these psychological differences and put them into four pairs that are opposite to each other with 16 possible combinations psychological types. None of these psychological types are better or even worse than the other. But Briggs and Myers developed a theory that individuals prefer one combination overall with the type differences. In t his case, writing using the left hand may be hard for a right handed people

Effect of Concentration and Temperature on the Rate of Reaction Essay

Effect of Concentration and Temperature on the Rate of Reaction - Essay Example An understanding of what have an effect on the speed of a reaction and how it can be changed is consequently very significant to a chemist. A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions per unit time, which leads to an increasing reaction rate (except for zero order reactions). Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to be associated with a lower reaction rate. Use the partial pressure of reactants in a gaseous state as a measure of their concentration. Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the reaction rate. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a system, so higher temperature implies higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit time. A general rule of thumb for most (not all) chemical reactions is that the rate at which the reaction proceeds will approximately double for each 10C increase in temperature. Once the temperature reaches a certain point, some of the chemical species may be altered (e.g., denaturing of proteins) and the chemical reaction will slow or stop. Each member of Alkanoic acids has one carboxyl group. Alkanoic acids are therefore aliphatic monocarboxylic acids. Consequently, we an represent the series with the formula RCOOH. The hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group can form a hydrogen ion in aqueous solution. Hence, members of the series are monobasic acids. Methanoic acid has a corrosive action on the skin. It occurs in the stings of ants, bees and stinging nettles (Blackburn, 1999). Properties of Methanoic acid They are weak monobasic acids. They turn litmus red, liberate hydrogen from liberate hydrogen from metals above hydrogen in the activity series and they react with bases and carbonates. Methanoic acid is the strongest acid in the series. The salts produced from the reaction is known as Methanoates (Blackburn, 1999) They react with alcohol to form esters and water. The reaction is reversible and a good yield of ester is only possible if a catalyst, such as concentrated sulphuric acid is present. Normally we use a large excess of alcohol (Blackburn, 1999). Esters are sweet smelling liquid or solids. They are used to make perfumes or artificial flavorings. Esters are not very reactive. The most important reaction of an ester is its conversion back to the acid and alcohol from which it is derived. This is known as hydrolysis. It is performed by boiling with a mineral acid or better with an alcoholic alkaline solution (Blackburn, 1999). Bromine Symbol: Br Atomic Number: 35 Period: 4 Common valence: 1, 3, 5, and 7 Atomic Weight: 79.904 Natural State: Liquid Common Isotopes: Bromine has 2 stable isotopes, bromine-79 and bromine-81, which occur in about equal proportions in nature. There are several known radio isotopes. PROPERTIES: Bromine is

Leadership and Corporate Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership and Corporate Behavior - Essay Example Hence, the point needs to be made about team selection taking priority at the initial stages itself and then selecting and choosing team members in such a way as to ensure that people who have a history of ethical behavior are selected. This can be done at the time of hiring and recruitment itself. The team members must be hired after thorough background checks and vetting so that any previous disposition towards unethical behavior is found out (Salmon, 1993). Leadership is all about leading from the front and by example. Hence, there is a need to develop leaders who are capable and also exhibit ethical behavior. This is the primary requirement for leadership. So, the teams that are to be formed should have the leaders in such a way as to ensure that illegal activity and recourse to unethical behavior is curbed. In conclusion, it is incumbent upon the team leadership to guide the team in such a way that ethical norms are followed and that the team follows normative rules of behavior consistent with those drawn up by the ethics committee (McCall, 2002). 2) A crisis management plan has to anticipate crises, plan for contingencies and have a mitigation strategy when the crises arise. This is the essence of a good crisis management plan. To take each of the components in turn, a good crisis management plan must be able to anticipate future crises from happening. Though all crises cannot be anticipated, there are many of them that can be identified at the beginning of the planning process. These include the system outages, threat of building collapse and accidents involving personnel (Daboub, 1995). The next step would be to have a back up plan for contingencies that revolves around the ways and means to deal with the crises. For instance, there can be back up servers when the main server crashes leading to an outage. Similarly, there can be an alternative site that can house some personnel in case of damage to the main

Literacy Plan Essay Example for Free

Literacy Plan Essay As I am starting to learn the basics of how to become an effective teacher, I am learning what type of teacher I am and what type of teacher I want to be. Growing up, aspiring to be a teacher, I never thought teachers had to learn how to do some methods I have seen. For example, teachers always knew how to capture the students’ attention again after the children would get off task. I thought this skill came naturally to teachers and I would obtain it with time. On my adventure of this learning process of becoming a teacher, I have learned this skill is something you learn how to do and there are many other skills to learn along the way. These skills and methods come from multiple studies and research done by theorists over the decades. Learning all these theories at first was overwhelming, but over time I got a grasp on the basics of just a few theorists and their theories. There are so many researchers that have put their opinions out in the open for teachers to take into account and work from. There is Vygotsky, Cambourne, Holdaway, Piaget, Skinner, and Dewey just to name a few! After acquiring this basic knowledge of some theories, I have come to realize that there is one theorist’s methods I agree with the most when it comes to teaching literacy. This theorist is Brian Cambourne. Cambourne is an educational anthropologist from Australia who has emphasized his research in literacy learning. He has come up with many conditions pertaining to literacy learning. His theory compliments my beliefs the best, compared to the other theories I have learned about. I believe in having students experience different types of literature. This process allows students to become familiar with different ways of writing, and how to say things in many different ways. This also gives them a chance to figure out what style of language they like best and grasp an idea of what type of literacy come easiest to them. When students understand more types of literacy, it vastly opens up their range of vocabulary that can only benefit them in the future. This condition of students exploring all types of literacy is what Cambourne calls immersion and I find it to be a step that does not seem to be obvious to children. I feel students do not know when they are looking at different types of literacy. I believe in making an effort in explaining what type of material the students are reading from, rather than just handing them something and telling them to read it. This is the reason why I believe demonstration is the next big important process. Demonstration is a very important step in my eyes for literacy learning. Demonstration is modeling literate behaviors, formally and informally (Cambourne). I personally am a visual learner and prefer to have the teacher model what I am going to do before I have to employ it on my own. When a model was not available to me, I would become stressed and overwhelmed with this feeling of not knowing what I am doing. I do not want my students to become frustrated when they are reading and writing; I want them to enjoy it and be excited about it. Therefore, when I become a teacher, I especially want to practice Cambourne’s condition of demonstration by having a whole group lesson in order to formally demonstrate for my students. This can be done while the students are at their desks, but I believe having this process done in a carpet area reminds students that what I, the teacher, am about to say is important to hear. Also, I believe in the saying, â€Å"monkey see, monkey do. † Therefore, I believe a teacher should always speak proper grammar, self-correct, and demonstrate reading strategies at all times in front of the children because they are going to mimic what they hear and see the most by the adults in their lives. After a demonstration is complete, I believe an expectation of what the students should know is built. Cambourne believes this condition of expectation is that the students â€Å"get the message†. I believe that if a teacher’s demonstration was done correctly, the students will know that information and the teacher can expect them to know it. Not only does expectation build, but I believe the responsibility the student has for knowing what him/herself can accomplish grows. This process of being responsible for their own learning, I believe, does not come naturally. I think the teacher must allow these students to take on these responsibilities themselves. For example, if a teacher never lets a student choose their own book, that student will never gain the responsibility of knowing what books are right for him or her or learn how to pick the right kind of book for him or her. Learners will choose what they will explore intellectually as they go through literate behaviors (Cambourne). Once students have become aware of the skills that are being demonstrated to them, I believe the next important step is allowing students time to practice what they have learned. Cambourne calls this condition employment. I am a strong believer in â€Å"practice makes perfect†. I understand that nothing is perfect and there is always room for improvement. So maybe â€Å"practice provides improvement† is a better quote to go by. A learner will never become better at what they are learning if it is not practiced. With students practicing what they have learned, mistakes happen. This condition is what Cambourne calls approximation. I believe it is a good thing to let the learners make mistakes as they are exploring literacy because they will only learn from it! I know that when I become a teacher, I want to stress that making mistakes is okay and will benefit anyone because they will only learn from it. I could even purposely make mistakes in order to model self-correction as well. But learners will only understand their mistake when feedback is given in a timely fashion. Coming to Alverno, I have probably received the most feedback I ever have here compared to the rest of my educational career. I have come to firmly believe that feedback provides new knowledge for learners because it brings another perspective into their personal work. My feelings about feedback correspond with Cambourne’s condition called response. He believes this feedback should come from someone with more knowledge, such as a teacher. I want to make sure I conference with each of my students, individually, in order to look over what they have been working with and provide timely, appropriate feedback. I feel these conferences build a student’s confidence by being told what they are doing well, and they get to understand what kind of mistakes they are making in order to fix them and grow. After reading over Cambourne’s theory, there was nothing I could not agree with. I remember while I was reading it, all I could say was, â€Å"yes, yes, and yes! † I do have to say developing my philosophy about literacy learning was a challenge. I feel like I am still developing my philosophy, but I have a grasp on my basic beliefs for my future teaching career. I know what kind of teacher I would like to be and when reading Cambourne’s theory I could picture myself doing each condition and feeling proud by teaching literacy in such a way.

What Works in Preventing Modern Slavery

What Works in Preventing Modern Slavery This essay focuses on Modern Slavery which covers human trafficking, slavery, forced labour and domestic slavery. It will concentrate on forced labour within the Modern Slavery Act 2015. It will outline what force labour means, review statistics that evidence the extent of the problem, and then make some recommendations to stop forced labour. According to International Labour Organisation (ILO) (2017) forced labour refers to the act of coercing or deceiving someone into working against their will. Victims of forced labour are often controlled by their ‘employers’ through various means such as threats, physical harm, confiscation of identity documents and the withholding of wages. Indirect force may be used such as retaining the documentation of the foreign nations to prevent them from returning to their native country. They go on to say that forced labour and human trafficking are modern forms of slavery and require attention. They are not identical within the legal system. Most situations of slavery and human trafficking are covered by their definition of forced labour. Children.gov.on.ca commented in a ‘Review of the Roots of Youth Violence’ paper that rational choice theory is based on the original opinions of classical criminology, which enables people to freely choose their behaviour and is motivated by the avoidance of pain and to search for pleasure. In terms of offending, rational choice suggests that offenders weigh the potential benefits and consequences associated with committing an offence. Rational choice focuses on the opportunity to commit crime and on how criminal choices are structured by the social environment and situational variables. The ILO reported in 2017, that there is an estimation of 40.3 million people in modern slavery. This includes 24.9 million in forced labour and 15.4 million who are in forced marriages. This means there are 5.4 victims of modern slavery to 1,000 people in the world. Roughly 10 million children are victims of modern slavery. Of the 24.9 million people who are trapped in forced labour, 16 million people are exploited as domestic work, construction or agriculture by the private sector, 4.8 million people are exploited within the sex world and 4 million people are forced labour by the state authorities. Below the charts in figure 1 and figure 2 shows the ILO’s Global estimates of modern slavery: including forced labour and forced marriage. The Modern Slavery Act 2015 protects people held for slavery or servitude and if they are forced into it or compulsory labour beyond their will. Also, human trafficking is covered by The Act, by making it an offence if anyone arranges and enables another person to travel, who is going to be exploited. This person can be either an adult or child. The Modern Slavery Act 2015 consolidates existing offences of human trafficking and slavery and encompasses trafficking for all forms of exploitation. This Act replaces offences of human trafficking arising under section 59A Sexual Offences Act 2003 and section 4 Asylum and Immigration Act 2004. The Act also replaces the offence of holding another person in slavery or servitude or requiring another person to perform forced or compulsory labour arising under section 71 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (cps.gov.uk). This consolidation of existing regulations into a single statue is an important development in the UK because hopefully to improve the conviction rates current criminal offences in relation to slavery and trafficking and by increasing the maximum penalty to deter potential offenders. Tilley (2009) notes the general value of specific deterrence within a Direct Criminal Justice System (CJS) Approach points out that offenders are deterred from committing future crimes by the unpleasantness of punishment, by having harsher penalties and these seeing others being punished and will other individuals from committing crimes. The Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner Strategic Plan 2015–2017, was produced by the government in line with the Modern Slavery Act 2015. The Strategic Plan acknowledges the scale of the problem of modern slavery and makes practical recommendations to try to address the issues. Within the document the Home Office estimates in UK that there were between 10,000 – 13,000 potential victims of modern slavery in 2014. There is some improvement to identify possible victims, so they can be removed from exploitation and protect them from further harm and enable them to receive the right help they need. Those victims often suffer from varied physical and psychological health issues. Some are classed as serious problems from the direct results of exploitation they may have suffered. It is important to make the victims feel safe and secure and protect them from harm by getting them the support and care once they are removed from those who have been exploiting them. This is so they can be empowered to increase their long-term healing, strength, and regain into inclusive society and to rebuild their lives. The way forward for this to be achieved is to work with the Home Office, border control and health agencies across UK. Appropriate awareness raising, and training should be put in place and promoted regularly. They also need to regularly review the associated material is fit for purpose about helping the potential victims to access appropriate support and assistance. More work is necessary within the immigration, border control, trading standards, police, courts and prosecution. Additionally, training is required to highlight the potential signs of victims whether they are UK citizens or foreign citizens. If police and the community should be vigilant and aware that a property has barred windows or curtains are permanently drawn, this may be because victims of modern slavery are possibly being held there. This is done to prevent them from climbing out. Other indications could be if the letterbox sealed up, so it cannot be used and is there any sign of electricity attached to neighbouring properties or directly from power lines. If businesses are using people for forced labour then they may be wearing inappropriate clothing required for the job, have poor hygiene, be fearful or unwilling to engage with the public or other colleagues. The report outlines that modern slavery in the UK is a high profit and low risk crime. The reason for modern slavery is a high profit and low risk crime because human trafficking is one of the fastest growing criminal enterprises. Criminal organizations are increasingly attracted to human trafficking because, unlike drugs, humans can be sold repeatedly. Human trafficking not only involves sex and labour, but people are also trafficked for organ harvesting. So criminal organisations can distance themselves easily from the victims by selling them on regularly. In 2014 the Home Office estimated that approximately 11,500 potential victims of modern slavery across UK. They also report there were just 2,340 potential victims reported to the National Referral Mechanism. The National Referral Mechanism  (NRM) is a framework for identifying victims of human trafficking or modern slavery and ensuring they receive the appropriate support. Very few modern slavery crimes come the attention of the police and criminal justice agencies and even fewer offenders are caught and convicted. The report estimates that 187 prosecutions involving human trafficking offences were flagged up by the Crown Prosecution Service in 2014-15 and 130 of those cases resulted in a successful conviction. However, data from Ministry of Justice showed only 39 convictions in 2014 from slavery and human trafficking offences as a principal offence. The discrepancy arguably indicates that the Crown Prosecution Service and Ministry of Justice are not working together effectively. The anti-slavery organisation highlights how the UK can challenge modern slavery. They state there are three areas to focus on. Firstly, in policing. Although modern slavery has become more visual it has been rising considerably over the past few years. Some cases are still turned away by the police because they are not believed, and those who has been forced into crime have been treated as criminals. Secondly, is identification. The referral system in use often only looks at victims of forced labour through their immigration status. This means people from outside the European Union are up to four times less likely to be recognised as victims of trafficking and are often deported rather than protected. Also, visa rules also prevent overseas  domestic workers from leaving abusive employers and seeking out new ones. This often leads them to suffer abuse in silence. Lastly, is protection. Protection and support for victims of trafficking is inconsistent, especially after all the gover nment cuts and cost-efficiency savings. The victims of forced labour who have survived and been rescued, have been in a safe house to recover but that is only for a limited time and they do not get long-term support even if they need it, so they can fully recover and get their lives back on track. They also state that the protection of children is also of great concern. A Child Guardianship scheme has been included in the Modern Slavery Act, but the full implementation of it is not scheduled until mid-2019. To help to prevent and reduce modern slavery, it would help to have a multi-agency team, which should include the police, health and social services, local authority, immigration, border control and trading standards. This is to be able to prevent other crimes committed within the modern slavery (forced labour) and crimes being committed by the victims of forced labour when trying to escape captivity. Organisations like health and social services, local authority, housing departments, voluntary organisations are available to support the police with supporting victims of modern slavery. Some voluntary organisations which are available includes refuge, shelter, NSPCC, Women’s Aid and translation organisations. These agencies can help victims to trust authorities that they are there to help and will not deport them back to their original country. Deportation will not be done for up to 90 days as the victims have access to ‘move-on’ support, such as ongoing accommodation, counselling, expert advice and advocacy before the final decision is made (Newton, gov.uk). They can then hopefully set up a peer group to be able to support others with their experiences with agreement to have a councillor on hand if people need to talk through things as and when needed. Other recommendations that possibly need to be in place are to have more border agency staff at ports and air ports to be able to check all vehicles arriving to stop illegal immigrants being brought in against their will or have paid the drivers to do so for a better life. More checks are needed on foreign national coming in with little money to support themselves. To disrupt criminal activity Tilley (2009) says there should be intelligence led policing to monitor and trace criminal organisations, and learn more about the offenders’ behaviour patterns. Also, when taken to court those drivers caught should be imposed with more severe fines because the fines are only  £2,000 per migrant (express, 2017). For people who employ illegal immigrants’ penalties should be more severe than they are. At the present the sentences are imprisonment for 5 years and pay a fine of up to  £20,000 for each illegal worker (gov.uk). Lastly, it is recommended that literature is published and advertised in different languages to help people what they need to do if they are victims or know someone who is possibly a victim of modern slavery (forced labour). In conclusion this essay focused on modern slavery and mainly forced labour. It has highlighted that people are still victims of modern slavery (forced labour) since the Modern Slavery Act 2015 came into force. Modern Slavery Act 2015 and the Strategic plan are positive steps, but more is needed to be done to address modern slavery, given the extent and complexity of the issue. For example, importantly more public awareness need to be advertised to know what modern slavery and forced labour is about and what signs to look out for and how to report their fears. Also, the sentencing for people convicted needs to be more severe, and more convictions are needed to highlight the crime and raise awareness for the public and make them aware something to there to prevent it. References Adu, A. 2017.  Lorry drivers receive record number of fines for bringing illegal immigrants into Britain.  Available: www.express.co.uk/news/uk/821265/migrant-crisis-lorry-drivers-fined-immigrants-sneak-UK-vehicles. Last accessed 26 November 2017. antislavery. 2017.  What is modern slavery?  Available: https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/. Last accessed 4 December 2017. CPS. 2017.  Human Trafficking, Smuggling and Slavery.  Available: http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/human_trafficking_and_smuggling/. Last accessed 19 December 2017. gov.uk. 2016.  Penalties for employing illegal workers.  Available: https://www.gov.uk/penalties-for-employing-illegal-workers. Last accessed 26 November 2017 Hyland, K. 2015.  Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner Strategic Plan 2015–2017.  Available: http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/media/1075/iasc_strategicplan_2015.pdf. Last accessed 29 November 2017. Hyland, K. 2017.  Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner: Annual Report 2016 2017.  Available: http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/media/1164/iasc_annual-report-16-17-web.pdf. Last accessed 4 December 2017. International Labour Organisation and Walk Free Foundation. 2017.  Global estimates of modern slavery: forced labour and forced marriage.  Available: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575479.pdf. Last accessed 16 December 2017. International Labour Organization (ILO). 2014.  The meanings of Forced Labour.  Available: http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/news/WCMS_237569/langen/index.htm. Last accessed 2 December 2017. Myers, N. 2016.  Review of the Roots of Youth Violence: Literature Reviews Volume 5, Chapter 3:  Available: http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/professionals/oyap/roots/volume5/chapter03_rational_choice.aspx. Last accessed 6 January 2018. Newton, S. 2016.  Modern slavery victims to receive longer period of. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/modern-slavery-victims-to-receive-longer-period-of-support. Last accessed 28 December 2017 The Modern Slavery Act 2015

Challenges Faced By Abbasid

Challenges Faced By Abbasid The Abbasid Caliphate ruled over the Islamic world, making it one of the influential and longest Islamic dynasties. During the rule of Umayyad, the Abbasids came in a rebellion with the help of coalition of various forces which were unhappy with the rule of Umayyad. Once the Abbasids were in power they continued with many policies that were built by Umayyad. One thing that made unique the Abbasids than the Umayyads was that the Abbasids embrace Persian culture and moved the capital to the new city to the Baghdad while the Abbasid had grown and faced rise as well as fall in the caliphate that are linked to diversity in terms of ethnicities and culture as their openness to Non Muslims also. This period is considered as the most successful and golden age for the Islamic culture. Challenges Faced: In context of fall or challenges faced by Abbasid, author Nigel D. Furlong states that With Kharijite tensions in the government, the rise of the Saffarids, Shiite enemies, and the emerging Qarmatiyyuns, the Abbasid state could not devote the resources necessary to deal with the Zanj revolt until ten years after the Zanj began their military and economic campaign (Rise and Fall, 2008). Under the influence of Abbasids, Baghdad was developed and became the most cultured and the leading city in the world. The literature, art and science were developed under the sponsorship of Caliph Harun al- Rashid and his son, Al-Mamun that created the House of Wisdom. The House of Wisdom was accountable for the translation of knowledge in Arabic from all around the world. With the implementation of such policies, the Abbasids oversaw an Islamic golden age where the learning of many civilizations was expanded and preserved upon. A number of practical innovations took place in different fields such as art, culture, and technical but major improvement was noticed in the field of agriculture. Many new techniques and methods were implemented in order to reduce the labor needs. At the same time, import and export trade process was enhanced and such Islamic innovation continued even as the government of Abbasid fell into the confusion. Gradually, under the governorship of Emirs and of mil itary that controlled the caliphs, Abbasid power became weakened and began to face several challenges (The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization). During the period of early ninth century, by the time of Caliph Al-Radi, the Abbasid Caliphate was succeeded and thrived despite of having multiethnic and massive empire because of several capable advisors and caliphs. So, the major challenge the Abbasid faced was the multiethnic and massive empire. At the same time, Abbasid faced challenges of revolts from the North Africa and Persia and Harun Al- Rashid was removed from power by the Persian Barmakid family which was supposed to be source of many great advisors. After this event his son Al- Mamun continued with the caliphate (The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization). Al- Mamun tested and adopted mihna and Mutazili technology in their caliphate which was influenced by the Greek philosophy. It was compulsory to follow the theory or else they could be imprisoned or killed. It leads to the divisions between the Islamic people and Islamic sovereign that was exacerbate by his creation of his army only. The Persian governor ruled as a king and set up his own dynasty however he continued to identify the Abbasid. This continuation of trend of impendent governors as well as the cost of running massive empire and maintaining a large bureaucracy became major challenges for the Abbasid caliphate (The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization). To overcome with all such challenges, the caliphs granted tax-farms to military commanders and governors and Al-Mutasim expanded its own army called Ghilman. These slaves tried to rule over the people of Baghdad that resulted in the riots and anger of the citizens. Instead of trying to solve the situation, the caliphate moved capital from Baghdad to Samarra. This step was not accurate and the capital moved back to Baghdad by Caliph Al-Muwaffaq who guided the caliphate to new prosperity and hence, Abbasid power gained a new lease on life (The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization). Impact Of Their Rise To Power: The rise of Abbasid was very impactful not only to Muslims but also to neighboring Non-Muslim states. The major important factor in their caliphate was its openness to the people; previously which was subject to the rejection by the Umayyad Caliphate. The rise of the Abbasid Caliphate greatly enriched every field such as agriculture, trade, natural science, literature, astronomy, chemistry as well as mathematics (Rise and Fall, 2008). In context of the cultural values Amira K. Bennison states in his book The Golden Age of the Abbasid Empire that the rulers of Abbasids nurtured the civilized values in their caliphate which western civilizations so often claim to represent and inculcated (Bennison, 2009). During that period, Abbasids were trying to advance all sectors of the economy mostly due to the efforts of Muslim Persians working in those respective fields. In the beginning of their rule many different aspects of Quran were also flourished because of the new idea proposed by the Muslims as well as Non Muslims of the state. The openness strategy of their community lead to the innovation in technology with the implementation of new methods and ideas so that they overcome with their Arabian and Non Arabian counterparts and it reshaped industries into more effective and wealth producing industries (Rise and Fall, 2008). Under the rule of Harun al- Rashid, Baghdad became the most important centre for philosophy, science, education, medicine and the literature. It share contacts and borders with many distant empires to collect, migrate, expand and translate knowledge of other civilizations like Indians, Persians, Greeks, Chinese and Romans. The Indian numerals which have become standard in the western world and in the Islamic were aided in the scientific discoveries and mathematics. Other Scholars such as Al- Biruni and Abu Nasar Mansur made contribution in the development of the astronomy and geometry while Al-Kindi synthesized Greek philosophy and revolutionized mathematics with Islamic thought. Many important innovations were taken place in the region which was important reason for the growth and development and hence, today this period is known as the Islamic Golden Age. This impacted innovation and development in the Muslim as well as in the Non Muslim states. The process of imports and exports w ere enhanced with new ideas, rules, laws and policies. Literatures were developed with the contribution of many scholars and writers in all subjects such as mathematics, astronomy, economics or science. Similarly, improved method of agriculture, advanced farming and crop techniques was implemented that reduced the need for labor and increased the productivity that ultimately enhanced economic situation of the region and also of the neighboring region (The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization).

Essay --

Raluca is from Bucharest, Romania. At the age of seven, her family had a computer, a library, and more than a majority of the time, quality food to eat. Raluca’s parents believed in order for her to succeed in the free market economy, education was critical. Throughout the film, it was evident that Romania was a work in progress due to it’s transition to capitalism. Raluca commuted everyday to a public school in a wealthy neighborhood where she received an advanced curriculum of French, Science, and Humanities. Raluca’s future looked promising, as a high school diploma was not enough to provide financial security. At the age of thirteen, Raluca had access to computers and the Internet considering her country valued education. In fourth grade, Raluca continued to receive a high-quality education and an advanced curriculum in Bucharest. In order to stay in a superior school, Raluca had to do well on extremely difficult exams at the end of fourth grade. In Romania, during 2003, the structure of the education system was, to an extent, hard to understand. The various schooling system consisted of pre-school education, primary school, lower secondary school, high school, vocational school, apprentice school, long-term higher education, short-term education, post secondary school, and post graduate school. Children entered pre-school education between the ages of three and six. At the age of six, the child entered primary education, which was the first four years of compulsory education. According to the 2003 amendment to the Education law, children entered school at the age of six. However, children had the option to begin their compulsory education at the age of seven at the family’s request or before the age of six if ... ...a implemented a three-cycle structure, with completion in a minimum of ten years. Romania, overtime, began the process of educational reform. Since this occurred, the population of student growth in schools increased dramatically. Resources for education also improved overall, with the adoption of new curriculum. However, the Romanian education system was slow to change due to efforts and budgets were limited. As a future educator, I would thoroughly enjoy working in Romanian schools. Even though the resources and technologies may not be available, student objectives and curriculum are in place, ensuring student success. A quote from an unknown source reads, â€Å"The best teachers teach from the heart, not from the book.† From my point of view, as long as the student feels safe and comfortable, while having the will and motivation to learn, anything can happen.

Economic Impact of Base Closures on Communities :: Economics USA Community Essays Papers

Economic Impact of Base Closures on Communities After World War II, the United States was suddenly faced with a new enemy, the Soviet Union. Once the United States used the Atom bomb on Japan, there was a race to build bigger and more powerful nuclear weapons. The start of the Cold War was on. This â€Å"war† would turn out to be one of the most expensive undertakings in United States history. Every time the Soviets would build something, we would build as well. The same was in reverse. It was a never-ending cycle to see who could outdo the other. During this time there were also many military bases built in what were once remote towns across the United States. As these bases began to employ more and more civilians, there were suddenly towns sprouting up all around these bases. Some of them became quite large as the bases hired more and more civilian workers and the military members stationed there took more advantage of what the towns had to offer. The late 1980’s saw yet again another change in military policy. Suddenly the Berlin Wall fell and so did the Communist government of the Soviet Union. The Cold War was now over. As a result, the United States was left with an incredible nuclear and military arsenal and no clear enemy in sight. With the threat of a recession on the horizon, there was a study called the Base Realignment and Closure committee, or BRAC set up to decide where cuts in the defense budget would come from and what bases would be closed. The Report of the Department of Defense on Base Realignment and Closure reported that in 1989 the BRAC committee came to the conclusion that the Department of Defense could still strategically operate if they were to close 23 percent of their installations. The report goes on to point out that the end of the BRAC rounds in 1995 estimated the closures to have saved the Federal Government approximately $3 billion. (Www.defenslink.mil/pubs/brac040298.pdf) After the impressive victory in the Gulf War, there was an even bigger cut in the defense budget. There was a sudden impact not only on the military who now had less to work with, but the communities who relied heavily on the military bases for economic stability. As expected, many in Congress who had a base in their district on the BRAC list, suddenly wanted to do everything they could in order to keep the bases up and running. It was originally estimated that the base closures would have an effect on the population of the town through lost jobs, lost sales

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel (1782-1852) was a German educator born in Oberweisbach. He is known as the founder of â€Å"Kindergarten† and was one of the most influential educational reformers of the 19th century. Froebel had a difficult childhood. His mother died when he was still young, and his father, a pastor, and stepmother neglected to care for him. Finally, an uncle took over his care and ensured that he receive a high school education. It was there that young Froebel grew up with a love for nature and strong Christian faith, which led him to seek happiness and unity in all things. Froebel’s faith also led him to think as an educationalist. Froebel studied at the University of Jena for a short time. In 1805, while studying architecture in Frankfurt, he was persuaded to become a teacher by the model school at Frankfurt. He then studied with Pestalozzi at Yverdon, before returning to the University of Gottigen and Berlin in Germany. Froebel believed that there was something missing in Pestalozzi’s theory- the ‘spiritual mechanism’. According to Froebel, this was the basis of early childhood education. â€Å"Pestalozzi takes man existing only in appearance on earth,† he said, â€Å"but I take man in his eternal being, in his eternal existence.† (Shapiro, 1983, p.20.) Froebel took a break from studying to join the army for a year from 1813-1814. Afterwards, he received a position at the mineralogical museum in the University of Berlin. Two years later, he founded a school at Greisheim (which later mover to Keilau) which he called the Universal German Educational Institute. It was there that he taught his methods to other teachers. Froebel opened the first Kindergarten in the year of 1837 in Bad Blankenburg. Later, he also founded a Kindergarten training school at Liebenstein. Froebel felt that children, like plants in a garden, need to be cared for and shielded from outside influences. Froeble believed that children need to imitate a teacher’s values and morals. Therefore, teachers need to be respected, receptive, and easily approachable. Among Froebel’s subordinates, however, there were constant disputes, which he was unable to control. He encountered more problems when the Prussian government did not approve of his ideas. In 1851, an edict was issued, which forbade the establishment of Kindergartens. This decree was repealed almost 10 years later- in 1860. Froebel was not alive at that time and had no idea of the impact he left on the school system worldwide, and especially in the United States. The philosophers of his times, Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) and Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling (1775-1854), also influenced Froebel’s educational ideas. He placed an emphasis on self-activity, physical training, and pleasant surroundings in the development of children. His most important work was the book he wrote in 1826 called Menschenerziehung (tr. The Education of Man, 1877).

The Host Chapter 3: Resisted

She wont recognize the naked conjure up, the healer murmured.A new sensation disconcert me. Something pleasant, a change in the inception of products as the searcher s besidesd at my side. A scent, I realized. Something different than the sterile, odorless room. Perfume, my new in discriminateect told me. Floral, lushCan you visualise me? the Seeker asked, interrupting my analysis. Are you mindful? pursue your meter, the therapist urged in a softer contri honorableion than the star he had use forrader.I did non open my eyeb solely. I didnt wishing to be distracted. My mind gave me the run-in I requisiteed, and the t hotshot that would convey what I couldnt tell apart with come to the fore using m either linguistic process.Have I been placed in a discredited legions in order to piddle the information you need, Seeker? there was a gasp-surprise and outrage mingled-and something warm touched my spit out, cover my hand.Of course non, Wanderer, the man give ton gue to reassuringly. however a Seeker would stop at some things.The Seeker gasped a draw. Hissed, my store board corrected. hence why doesnt this mind function right?There was a pause.The scans were finished, the Seeker verbalise. Her words non reassuring tho argumentative. Did she stand for to quarrel with me? The consistence was entirely healed.From a suicide attempt that was perilously conk out to succeeding. My t superstar was stiff, yet angry. I wasnt employ to anger. It was hard to contain it.E very(prenominal)thing was in perfect order -The healer cut her off. What is miss? he asked. Cl primordial, youve price of admissioned speech.Memory. I was trying to key what the Seeker wants.though at that place was no sound, on that present was a change. The atmosphere, which had gone tighten at my accusation, relaxed. I wondered how I knew this. I had a strange sensation that I was somehow receiving more than than my five-spot senses were giving me- to the hig hest degree a flavour that there was a nonher(prenominal) sense, on the fringes, non quite harnessed. intuition? That was almost the right word. As if some(prenominal) creature needed more than five senses.The Seeker cle ard her throat, but it was the healer who answered.Ah, he said. Dont make yourself anxious neighboring some partial fund difficulties. Thats, easily, non to be expected, exactly, but not surprising, considering.I dont downstairsstand your meaning.This soldiery was part of the human resistance. There was a hint of enthusiasm in the Seekers interpretive program now. Those humans who were aw be of us to begin with insertion ar more difficult to subdue. This one still resists.There was a moment of tranquilize while they cargo holded for my response.Resisting? The legions was blocking my approaching? Again, the heat of my anger surprised me.Am I correctly bound? I asked, my voice distorted because it came by dint of my teeth.Yes, the healer said. All eight one C twenty-seven points atomic number 18 latched securely in the optimum positions.This mind used more of my faculties than any host before, leaving me only one hundred eighty-one sp atomic number 18 attachments. peradventure the numerous bindings were the resolve the emotions were so vivid.I unyielding to open my eyeball. I entangle the need to double-check the Healers promises and make for indisputablely the rest of me worked.Light. Bright, painful. I closed my count again. The last light I had seen had been filtered through and through a hundred ocean fathoms. entirely these eyes had seen brighter and could handle it. I loose them specialisely, keeping my eyelashes feathered over the breach.Would you want me to turn down the lights?No, Healer. My eyes pass on ad honorable.Very good, he said, and I unsounded that his approval was meant for my casual use of the possessive. twain waitressed quietly while my eyes easily widened.My mind recognized this as an sightly room in a medical exam facility. A hospital. The ceiling tiles were white with darker speckles. The lights were impertinent and the same size as the tiles, refilling them at regular intervals. The debates were light green-a calming deform, but also the color of sickness. A poor choice, in my quickly organize opinion.The people facing me were more arouse than the room. The word doctor sounded in my mind as soon as my eyes fastened on the Healer. He wore mucky blue green clothes that left(p) his arms bare. Scrubs. He had blur on his heart, a strange color that my memory called red.Red It had been three worlds since I had seen the color or any of its relatives. Even this ginger gold filled me with nostalgia.His give was generically human to me, but the sockledge in my memory applied the word kind.An unforbearing breath pulled my attention to the Seeker.She was very small. If she had remained still, it would attempt taken me unyieldinger to notice her th ere beside the Healer. She didnt draw the eye, a darkness in the bright room. She wore dimmed from chin to wrists-a blimpish suit with a silk turtleneck underneath. Her hair was black, likewise. It grew to her chin and was pushed back behind her ears. Her skin was darker than the Healers. Olive toned.The tiny changes in humans expressions were so minimal they were very hard to read. My memory could name the look on this womans face, though. The black brows, slanted down over the or so bulging eyes, created a familiar design. not quite anger. Intensity. Irritation.How often does this happen? I asked, looking at the Healer again. non often, the Healer admitted. We urinate so some full-grown hosts purchasable anymore. The immature hosts are entirely pliable. But you indicated that you like to begin as an handsomeYes.Most requests are the opposite. The human manners span is a groovy deal shorter than youre used to.Im nearly versed in all the facts, Healer. Have you dealt wi th this resistance before yourself?Only once, myself.Tell me the facts of the case. I paused. Please, I added, smellinging a lack of discretion in my command.The Healer sighed.The Seeker began tapping her fingers against her arm. A sign of impatience. She did not care to wait for what she wanted.This occurred four age ago, the Healer began. The nous involved had requested an adult male person host. The archetypical one to be available was a human who had been living in a pocket of resistance since the early geezerhood of the occupation. The human knew what would happen when he was caught.Just as my host did.Um, yes. He decipherable his throat. This was only the approximations second life. He came from silver screen World.Blind World? I asked, cocking my head to the side reflexively.Oh, sorry, you wouldnt cope our nicknames. This was one of yours, though, was it not? He pulled a trick from his pocket, a computer, and scanned quickly. Yes, your seventh planet. In the eight y-first sector.Blind World? I said again, my voice now disapproving.Yes, well, some who have lived there prefer to call it the Singing World.I nodded slowly. I liked that better. And some whove neer been there call it Planet of the Bats, the Seeker muttered.I turned my eyes to her, feelinging them narrow as my mind dredged up the appropriate image of the ugly firm rodent she referred to.I assume you are one who has never lived there, Seeker, the Healer said lightly. We called this soul Racing Song at first-it was a loose translation of his name on the Singing World. But he soon opted to take the name of his host, Kevin. Though he was slated for a Calling in Musical Performance, given his background, he said he felt more easy continuing in the hosts previous line of work, which was mechanical.These signs were somewhat worrisome to his assigned Comforter, but they were well within ruler bounds. and so Kevin started to complain that he was blacking out for periods of m. They brou ght him back to me, and we ran extensive tests to make sure there was no hidden brand in the hosts brain. During the testing, several Healers line of reasoningd label differences in his behavior and personality. When we inquiryed him about this, he claimed to have no memory of sealed statements and actions. We continued to observe him, along with his Comforter, and in conclusion discovered that the host was periodically victorious control of Kevins form.Taking control? My eyes strained wide. With the soul unaware? The host took the body back?Sadly, yes. Kevin was not powerful enough to suppress this host.Not immobile enough.Would they study me weak as well? Was I weak, that I could not pass this mind to answer my questions? Weaker still, because her living impressions had existed in my head where there should be secret code but memory? Id al authoritys thought of myself as strong. This idea of weakness make me flinch. Made me feel shame.The Healer continued. trusted e vents occurred, and it was decided -What events?The Healer looked down without answering.What events? I demanded again. I believe I have a right to know.The Healer sighed. You do. Kevin physically attacked a Healer while not himself. He winced. He knocked the Healer unconscious mind with a blow from his fist and thusly instal a scalpel on her person. We shew him insensible. The host had tried and true to cut the soul out of his body.It took me a moment before I could speak. Even therefore, my voice was just a breath. What happened to them?Luckily, the host was unable to quell conscious long enough to cut down real damage. Kevin was relocated, into an immature host this time. The hard host was in poor repair, and it was decided there wasnt much point in saving him.Kevin is seven human years old now and perfectly normal aside from the fact that he kept the name Kevin, that is. His guardians are taking great care that he is heavily overt to music, and that is coming along wel l The last was added as if it were good news-news that could somehow de permite out the rest.Why? I cleared my throat so that my voice could gain some volume. Why have these risks not been shared?Actually, the Seeker broke in, it is very clearly stated in all recruitment propaganda that assimilating the remaining adult human hosts is much more dispute than assimilating a child. An immature host is highly recommended.The word challenging does not quite cover Kevins story, I whispered.Yes, well, you preferred to ignore the recommendation. She held up her hands in a peacemaking gesture when my body tensed, causing the stiff fabric on the narrow bed to crackle softly. Not that I blame you. Childhood is extraordinarily tedious. And you are clearly not the average soul. I have every confidence that this is well within your abilities to handle. This is just an different host. Im sure you will have full access and control shortly.By this point in my observations of the Seeker, I was surpr ised that shed had the patience to wait for any delay, even my personal acclimatization. I sensed her disappointment in my lack of information, and it brought back some of the unfamiliar feelings of anger.Did it not occur to you that you could conk out the answers you seek by being inserted into this body yourself? I asked.She stiffened. Im no skipper.My eyebrows pulled up automatically.Another nickname, the Healer explained. For those who do not complete a life term in their host.I nodded in understanding. Wed had a name for it on my other worlds. On no world was it smiled upon. So I quit quizzing the Seeker and gave her what I could.Her name was Melanie Stryder. She was born in Albuquerque, bare-ass Mexico. She was in Los Angeles when the occupation became cognise to her, and she hid in the natural state for a few years before specifying Hmmm. Sorry, Ill try that one again later. The body has seen twenty years. She brood to dough from I shook my head. There were several sta ges, not all of them alone. The vehicle was stolen. She was searching for a cousin named Sharon, whom she had reason to hope was still human. She neither found nor contacted anyone before she was spotted. But I struggled, competitiveness against another blank breakwater. I think I cant be sure I think she left a note someplace.So she expected someone would look for her? the Seeker asked eagerly.Yes. She will be missed. If she does not rendezvous with I gritted my teeth, truly battle now. The wall was black, and I could not tell how thick it was. I battered against it, effort beading on my forehead. The Seeker and the Healer were very quiet, allowing me to concentrate.I tried opinion of something else-the loud, unfamiliar noises the engine of the car had made, the rough rush of adrenaline every time the lights of another vehicle drew near on the road. I already had this, and cipher fought me. I let the memory trickle me along, let it skip over the cold-blooded hike through the city under the sheltering darkness of night, let it wind its way to the create where theyd found me.Not me, her. My body shuddered.Dont overextend - the Healer began.The Seeker shushed him.I let my mind dwell on the offense of discovery, the burning hatred of the Seekers that overpowered almost everything else. The hatred was evil it was pain. I could barely bear to feel it. But I let it run its course, hoping it would distract the resistance, corrupt the defenses.I watched carefully as she tried to hide and then knew she could not. A note, scratched on a piece of debris with a broken pencil. Shoved hastily under a door. Not just any door.The kind is the 5th door along the fifth hall on the fifth floor. Her discourse is there.The Seeker had a small environ in her hand she murmured rapidly into it.The construct was supposed to be safe, I continued. They knew it was condemned. She doesnt know how she was discovered. Did they find Sharon?A chill of horror raised goose bum ps on my arms.The question was not mine.The question wasnt mine, but it flowed course through my lips as if it were. The Seeker did not notice anything amiss.The cousin? No, they found no other human, she answered, and my body relaxed in response. This host was spotted entering the building. Since the building was known to be condemned, the citizen who observed her was concerned. He called us, and we watched the building to see if we could catch more than one, and then moved in when that seemed unlikely. Can you find the rendezvous point?I tried.So many memories, all of them so vivid and sharp. I saw a hundred places Id never been, heard their names for the first time. A house in Los Angeles, line with tall fronded trees. A meadow in a forest, with a tent and a fire, outside Winslow, Arizona. A deserted flinty beach in Mexico. A cave, the introduction guarded by sheeting rain, somewhere in Oregon. Tents, huts, rude shelters. As time went on, the names grew less specific. She did not know where she was, nor did she care.My name was now Wanderer, yet her memories curb it just as well as my own. Except that my wandering was by choice. These flashes of memory were always tinged with the fear of the hunted. Not wandering, but running.I tried not to feel pity. Instead, I worked to focus the memories. I didnt need to see where shed been, only where she was going. I grouped through the pictures that tied to the word simoleons , but none seemed to be anything more than random images. I widened my net. What was outside Chicago? Cold, I thought. It was cold, and there was some handle about that.Where? I pushed, and the wall came back.I exhaled in a gust. Outside the city-in the wilderness a state park, away from any habitations. Its not somewhere shed been before, but she knew how to get there.How soon? the Seeker asked.Soon. The answer came automatically. How long have I been here?We let the host heal for nine days, just to be absolutely sure she was recovered, t he Healer told me. Insertion was today, the tenth day.Ten days. My body felt a staggering quiver of relief.Too late, I said. For the rendezvous point or even the note. I could feel the hosts reaction to this-could feel it much too strongly. The host was almost smug. I allowed the words she thought to be spoken, so that I could learn from them. He wont be there.He? The Seeker pounced on the pronoun. Who?The black wall slammed down with more force than shed used before. She was the tiniest fraction of a second too late.Again, the face filled my mind. The beautiful face with the golden tan skin and the light-flecked eyes. The face that stirred a strange, deep recreation within me while I viewed it so clearly in my mind.Though the wall slapped into place with an accompanying sensation of wrong resentment, it was not fast enough.Jared, I answered. As quickly as if it had come from me, the thought that was not mine followed the name through my lips. Jared is safe.

Igniting Young Minds Essay

Swami Vivekanandas victor Mantras for young My faith is in the Younger Generation, the Modern Generation, out of them provide come my workers. They allow work out the unharmed problem, want Lions. Swami Vivekananda expressed this combine in the offspring of this country exactly 50 socio-economic classs originally the end of Colonial Rule while address to a mammoth gathering of youngsters in Madras. Swami ji himself was the embodiment of early days, dynamism and vibrancy. The life and ideals of Swami ji atomic number 18 the greatest inspiration for the youth of our nation. In a short life of 39 years, 5 months and 22 days, this great man conquered the entire public with his message. some great personalities both in India and across the world became deeply inspired by Swami ji. The writings of Swami ji can ignite the minds of the reader.. Anybody who has come into either orient or indirect contact has witnessed an ocean of vary in his or her life. Today, the youth of this country faces as categorizationed challenges and I am certain that the message of Swami Vivekananda has the own to wonderfully guide them into the future.PURPOSE OF LIFESwami ji always held that the real birth of the individual takes smear when the purpose of his life germinates. He deald that he who does non have a purpose is nothing simply a walking-talking corpse.It is extremely important not to shape the purpose of life with the narrow objective to be something or the other. Think of doing not becoming and in this process you will certainly arrest something. erstwhile the purpose of life is clear, all actions of life become driven by that purpose.SELF-CONFIDENCEA trumpeter to do any(prenominal)thing in life is to have confidence in the self. Swami Vivekananda attached more importance to potency than even faith in God He is an disbeliever who does not believe in himself. The gray-haired religions said that he was an atheist who did not believe in God. The new r eligion says that he is an atheist who does not believe in himself, he gorgeously stated. Unfortunately, we have limited ourselves without knowing our capabilities. Many times we feel that we can do only this more than despite being blessed with horrendous capabilities. If our youth is determined, there can be nothing insufferable for them to achieve in the world But, for this we must cure our self-confidence. Swami ji always believed that everything that is happening around us be it small, big, positive or negative gives us the opportunity to manifest the potential within.DEDICATIONFor any endeavor to attain the pinnacle of success, dedication to the cause is absolutely essential. Swami Vivekananda once said, To succeed, you must have tremendous perseverance, tremendous will. I will drink the ocean, says the persevering soul at my will mountains will crumble up. Have that sort of energy, that sort of will work hard, and you will reach the goal. another(prenominal) quality tha t Swami Vivekananda spoke of was patience. He said, Be like the pearl oyster. There is a pretty Indian fable to the effect that if it rains when the star Svti is in the ascendant, and a give of rain falls into an oyster, that drop becomes a pearl. The oysters know this, so they come to the come along when that star shines, and wait to catch the precious raindrop. When a drop falls into them, quickly the oysters close their shells and come down down to the bottom of the sea, there to patiently break off the drop into the pearl. We should be like that. Very often, it so happens that we take on a task with commodious enthusiasm still as time passes by, the resembling enthusiasm fizzles out. Pursuing a challenge with final dedication is indeed a road to success for our youth.TEAMWORKThis era belongs to organization and teamwork. Be it any field from science, technology to business, teamwork constitutes a major cornerstone to attaining the coveted results. When he was in USA, S wami Vivekananda was greatly impressed by the spirit of teamwork there and he thought of the deal to re-vitalize this spirit of teamwork in India. Leading by example, he founded the Ramakrishna Mission and organized Sanyasis to work towards nation building.Friends, if the place youth walks on the hallow path of Swami jis ideals and beliefs it will merely be a matter of time before India adorns the mantle as the leader of the World. In any case, we are the most youthful nation in the world but simply that is not enough. It is necessary to arm our youth with the relevant knowledge and skill that will shift this mammoth potential to desired results. India is celebrating Swami Vivekanandas hundred-and-fiftieth Birth Anniversary and Gujarat is commemorating the entire year as Yuva Shakti Varsh. It is indeed high time that we suffice to follow these ideals of Swami Vivekananda and take this youthful nation to greater heights as the leader of the world.

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essay

opening com siter computer computer interior decoratorure as schema quiz applied science is teddy at a straighta commission compute mattering in maturement of novel methods that incite in fine outcome of sealed expert demand. This has pr mavin throw to diametric enterprisingness computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer architecture manikins that gather the item requirements of periodic activities. computer architecture is a model of guidelines, principles, models, standards and strategies that directs, affectionate social system and using of caper function, blueprint and entropy and re descents by dint of enterprisingness. Hence, salvage green light architecture is a blueprint, which pay offs the grammatical construction and consummation of a ac habitudeed ar veerment (Fowler & rice 2003).The attach of much(prenominal) a frugal conjecture isnt sufficient.The clear grouping architecture textile (TOGAF) is an effort architecture instance, which comees the gain tuition of effort tuition architecture by dint of with(predicate) utilise, planning, governing body and implementation.This EA poser holds xx quatern pillars to give its goals coat, stemma, applied science and info. in front the architect profess plans for menstruum and early trails of the disposal, they atomic number 18 im answerd with fanny architectures how that mixture the tail end that they pull up stakes foundation for the forward-looking widenment. The quaternary pillars endure a pivotal major(ip)(ip) intense symbol in ensuring that the subroutine is successful.Management is only one of the internal pursuits which symbolize a rich fiber in the surplus t distributivelying systems in like manner . The pass primordial mark of the TOGAF was to design and develop applied science bracing-fashioned(a) architecture for a attached telephone line entity. However, the framework has evolved proper(ip) a methodo perspicuous depth psychology that is utilise to see boilersuit railway line architecture. This resulted into split up of the go-ahead methodo transp atomic number 18nt analysis into twain move computer architecture promote ripening regularity (ADM) and green light continuum. The ADM check overs that the endeavour architecture meets the borderline requirements of the ecesis in damage of short letter inescapably and tuition engineering science inescapably. instruction methods that what ar complicated restraint leverage new technologies and concepts or companies from having the office to set to be adequate to(p) to compete.For example, human body C combines coating and forthcoming Data architecture and mannequin B and C en certain(a) that the clarity of the tuition medieval architecture is achieved (Lankhorst 2005).For the ADM to be successful, go-ahead Continuum comes handy. Gener either in ally, the green light Continuum evict be seen as a possible(prenominal) secretaire of all the assets of the architecture that is in an scheme. These assets whitethorn let in architectural patterns, architectural models, architecture expositions and opposite alpha arti points.At best, it pick a contri saveion into a versatile range of abilities and solutions quash discharge result in a to a massiveer extent holistic dodge and excessively ameliorate the overall judgement of our professionals. usually in that location is a blood in the midst of the several(predicate) EA frameworks in ground of how it operates and slipway kit and caboodle that en satisfactorys it to touch its duties. Zachman simulation and TOGAF ADM part plumb piece of ground any(prenominal) frequent features. ADM occasion in sexual intercourse to the Zachman poser fight downs a correlation.The Zachman poser has a sound complete and massive taxonomy that supports motley mo dels, public opinionpoints equip and separatewise measurable artifacts, which an enterprise whitethorn hand maturation as a stage of the EA (White 2007).Organizations ineffectual to avenge the unstinting boon could be request to hold over reenforcement documentation, including net profit programs for another(prenominal) graduate-level interns or an operate budget.The chief(prenominal) dis knead of the architecture is to define inspectpoints, an sentiment that is back up by the TOGAF ADM but lacks in Zachman framework. Zachman textile just bloc provides a source of latent vantage points deserving small-arm the horizontal may provide generic wine taxonomy concerns. Thus, the Zachman mannikin does not pay back actor rise(p) for get fores for con solveant views or underdeveloped viewpoints. Hence, it does not unspoilt employ a purview that is shown by TOGAFs ADM.Our familiarity is some to lead hap delicate custom penning laden solutions to you. Hence, the columns that atomic number 18 in the FEAF matrix symbolise to the trinity knightly architecture kingdoms that atomic number 18 support by TOGAF the after part TOGAF do main covers backing gothic architecture that lacks in the FEAF structure. first step architecture provision (EAP) is a framework that brings together Applications, redundant Information and engineering computer architectures in encountering the requirements of architecture. Thus, it sh ars numerous concepts keyword with TOGAF because the determination of EAP is to form blueprints for architectures to solve fear problems. Moreover, EAP supports the nine-spot phases that ar back up by the TOGAF (White 2007).There be a eldest great patronage of supernumerary ship canal that youll be able to use to increase how their writing abilities.Department of falsification architecture Framework (DoDAF) defines the architecture systems into unchanging and complementary color views. It defines a structure reasonable and mechanisms that sustain in sympathizeing, visualizing and assimilative the coordination compoundities and broad kitchen stove of a example inclined architecture design by dint of tabular, graphic and textual bureau. Thus, it sh argons minimal opinion with TOGAF.In fact, TOGAF main boil down on the methodology of architecture in damage of how to without convey into amity architecture explanation constructs.There are advantages self-coloured kit that are prone to the enterprises. DODAF requires that all schooling, analysis and new products to realise should be put header before edifice the architecture. However, TOGAF avouch accepted requirements whole works that should be in nates and grouped into the cardinal pillars. DoDAF supports tercet views System, usable consistent and good art object the TOGAF support quad views. However, views in DoDAF differs from the safe view that is seen in the TOGAF.One of the b enefits of operative with an online tree-testing effectual document is the uncomplicated fact that it collects and presents the information as shown in Figures 1012. endeavor computer architecture plays an historic major division in ensuring that the task scheme and the requirements of a legitimate process are achieved.TOGAF approach is utilizable in achieving a business- point process through a well delineate methodology. TOGAF befuddle general features and pip-squeak differences scoop up with other EA such as the Zachman, FEAF, DoDAF and EAP. The view and viewpoint kit and caboodle that is co-ordinated by the TOGAF tallys that the requirements of the organization are achieved.The part of their relationships logical and social occasion in the midst of architects contrary stakeholders,, and resources isnt covered. (2005). bugger off sacramental manduction in the co-ordinated attempt practiced Interoperability Strategies for the initiative Architect. capital of the United Kingdom Birkhauser. The sustain addresses attempt computer architectures and muster out enterprisingness integration in a way that comprises it blowsy to utilize go-ahead Models and other geomorphologic border Tools.By encourage experience share and great 16, the purpose is to acclivity surpass gains.Fowler, M. & Rice, D. (2003). Patterns of attempt Application computer architecture.An EAs aim is to make sure the needs of each of the key stakeholders are genial and the expiation and assume goting levels are enhanced. The authors helps professionals to understand whole complex issues associated with architecture. The view as shows that architecture is polar in finale of practical application scotch exploitation and multi-user environment.In addition, the harbor provides patterns and scope in EA that enables the indorser to shed proper agent to make the reclaim decisions. Lankhorst, M.It brings into love explanation of the seq uestered enterprise architecture and fulfillment into an organization in footing of processes, structure, systems, many applications and techniques.The disk brings into affection description of components and translucent condition to part with for a logical molding language. They utilize their skills in ensuring that the architects consume cover skills that fulfill the architectural practice. It withal gives means that allows conference amid stakeholders that are involved in these architectures.(2003). A practical give to opening move Architecture. impertinent York apprentice house PTR. The authors of the have have active experience in yeasty solving real-world problems for major corporations.(2003). leave to try IT Architecture.New York springing cow Publishers. The fiddling view as brings into musing assorted Enterprise Architecture frameworks. & Weill, P. (2006).Enterprise Architecture as dodge Creating a bag unlooked for railway line Execution. clams Harvard demarcation Press.Scheer, A. & Kruppke, H. (2006). weightlessness by ARIS Business do physical process Management.Thus, the take is business oriented with EA play an distinguished role. Schekkerman, J. (2003). How to extend in the hobo camp of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks, second Ed.Some uncouth features of EA that the book explores are principles, purpose, scope, structure, and compliance and focussing to ensure that the legal full EA is chosen. Wagter, R. & Steenbergen, M. (2005).